Every tenth lever-press of three morphine-dependent rhesus monkeys was reinforced with food. A red light, initially a neutral stimulus, was presented every third or fourth session for 5 min before and 5 min after an intravenous injection of nalorphine, a morphine antagonist that produces an immediate abstinence syndrome in morphine-dependent monkeys. After several pairings, conditioned suppress...

Novel painkillers are urgently needed. The activation of opioid receptors in peripheral inflamed tissue can reduce pain without central adverse effects such as sedation, apnoea, or addiction. Here, we use an unprecedented strategy and report the synthesis and analgesic efficacy of the standard opioid morphine covalently attached to hyperbranched polyglycerol (PG-M) by a cleavable linker. With i...

BACKGROUND This study was designed to assess the postoperative analgesic effect of low-dose intrathecal morphine after scoliosis surgery in children. METHODS Thirty children, 9-19 yr of age, scheduled for spinal fusion, were randomly allocated into three groups to receive a single dose of 0 (saline injection), 2, or 5 microg/kg intrathecal morphine. After surgery, a patient-controlled analges...

OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy of continuous extrapleural intercostal nerve block with bupivacaine 0.5% in 1:200,000 epinephrine and continuous lumbar epidural block with morphine in controlling post-thoracotomy pain and to measure serum bupivacaine concentrations during extrapleural infusion. DESIGN A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. SETTING St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, O...

BACKGROUND Opiate is used in patient-controlled intravenous analgesia pumps (PCIA) for controlling pain in post-surgical patients. Other drugs are remarkably added to opioid pumps to enhance quality, lengthen analgesia, and reduce side effects. Lidocaine, a local anesthetic which inhibits sodium channels, has anesthetic and analgesic effects when injected locally or intravenously. The objective...

          Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of intravenous Ibuprofen Apotel analgesia in comparison with intravenous Morphine alone regimen in patients undergoing lubmar disc surgery. Methods: This study was a double-blind clinical trial that was performed on patients with moderate to severe lumbar disc pain (VAS score or Visual analog scale more tha...

intrathecal injection of sufentanil with adrenalin was performed in 45 cases (20 female, 25 male age range: 18-40 years). all injections were performed in the sitting position, with a number 20 intrathecal needle immersed in adrenalin. the cases were observed for 72 hours. maximum duration of analgesia was 12 hours (60%) and the minimum was 3 hours (13.3%). this method reduces the need for repe...

Single-cell activity was recorded in the locus coeruleus (LC) of morphine-dependent, halothane-anesthetized rats. Systemic administration opiate antagonist naloxone (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) robustly increased LC neurons. Local microinjection or its hydrophilic derivative, methiodide, into (10 mM, 20-40 nl) did not activate neurons dependent Intracerebroventricular intracoerulear injection kynurenate, ...