Keratoconus is characterized by progressive corneal protrusion and thinning, leading to irregular astigmatism and impairment in visual function. The etiology and pathogenesis of the condition are not fully understood. However, significant strides have been made in early clinical detection of the disease, as well as towards providing optimal optical and surgical correction for improving the qual...

results the mean udva (logmar) improved significantly from 1.13 ± 0.21 preoperatively to 0.24 ± 0.13 postoperatively (p < 0.001), and the mean cdva (logmar) improved significantly from 0.39 ± 0.12 to 0.19 ± 0.09 (p < 0.001). the mean cylinder of manifest refraction decreased significantly by 4.00 diopter (d) (p < 0.001). the mean spherical equivalent error (se) decreased significantly from −6.0...

Postoperative visual acuity can be limited by post-keratoplasty astigmatism, even with a clear corneal graft. Astigmatism management can be performed by selective suture removal, adjustment of sutures, optical correction, photorefractive procedures, wedge resection, intra-ocular lens implantation, intracorneal ring segments, relaxing incisions with or without compression sutures and repeated ke...

Keratoconus is the most common corneal distrophy. It's a noninflammatory progressive thinning process that leads to conical ectasia of the cornea, causing high myopia and astigmatism. Many treatment choices include spectacle correction and contact lens wear, collagen cross linking, intracorneal ring segments implantation and finally keratoplasty. Contact lenses are commonly used to reduce astig...

The use of femtosecond lasers has created an evolution in modern corneal and refractive surgery. With accuracy, safety, and repeatability, eye surgeons can utilize the femtosecond laser in almost all anterior refractive procedures; laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE), penetrating keratoplasty (PKP), insertion of intracorneal ring segments, anterior ...

Reasons for intrastromal corneal ring segment explantation In their recent article, Ferrer et al. report that 57 of 250 implanted intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRS) had to be explantedda rate of 22.8%. The main cause of this very high explantation rate was extrusion (48.3%). There are 2 major causes of ICRS extrusion: (1) superficial implantation of a segment and (2) a segment that is pl...