A nonparametric approach is developed to extract information from interspike interval data. In terms of Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm, interspike interval data from experiments and simulations are first approximated by a mixture of various probability distributions, including Gamma, inverse Gaussian, log-normal, and the interspike interval distribution of the leaky integrate-and-fire ...

The magnitude of natural oceanic dissolved oxygen (DO) variability remains poorly understood due to the short duration observational record. Here we present a high-resolution (4–9 years) reconstruction Southern California minimum zone (OMZ) through Common Era using redox-sensitive metals. Rapid OMZ intensification on multidecadal timescales reveals greater DO than observed in instrumental recor...

Models of the perceived distance between pairs of pitch collections are a core component of broader models of music cognition. Numerous distance measures have been proposed, including voice-leading [1], psychoacoustic [2–4], and pitch and interval class distances [5]; but, so far, there has been no attempt to bind these different measures into a single mathematical or conceptual framework, nor ...

Abstract The objective of this article is to define the financial inclusion expectation gap, offer some insight into nature and causes it, suggest ways reduce gap. discussion in provides helpful insights problem towards achieving United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. It hoped that such an attempt can provide understand gap inclusion.