This article reports results from a quantitative network analysis of international commodity tradejlows designed to measure the structure of the world economic system and to identify the roles that particular counfries play in the global division of labor. I t improves on previous network-analytic studies of the world-economy in turo ways. First, by using a newly developed measure of regular eq...

The introduction of biotechnology into the agri-food world in the 1990s complicated an already difficult regulatory and trade system. At one level, biotechnology and genetically modified (GM) foods increase the potential for trade and the need for a fully functioning international trading system. At another level, the products of this new technology have precipitated a large and difficult debat...

Mapping is inherently a subjective and exclusionary practice as the cartographer decides which elements of the world are included and which can safely be ignored. Similarly, when an international relations theorist describes a new theory it is necessary to define the elements which are essential to understanding the complexities of an international political system, explain why other elements h...

without general principles, no system of law is conceivable. these principles have special position not only in domestic but also in international law. general principles would have been invoked even though those principles were not cited as the sources of international law in accordance with the statute of icj, article 38. those are taken into account as the independent source of international...

Background: Providing an appropriate background is essential for necessary changes and innovation in the higher education, the need to review the classification criteria and development of the type of native criteria and local standards which match the cultural and scientific requirements of the country. Investigating the possible types of indicators to adjusted accurately and objectively is im...