Foreign exchange reserves are savings owned by the state for international trade transactions, maintaining monetary stability and paying foreign debts. The purpose of this study to determine effect exports, imports, GDP rates on Indonesia's in 1990-2019. This uses ECM model which includes stationarity test, cointegration long-term short-term F t coefficient determination test ( ) classical assu...

Nature reserves are widely considered as one available strategy for protecting biodiversity, which is threatened by habitat fragmentation, and wildlife extinction. The Chinese government has established a goal of protecting 15% of its land area by 2015. We quantitated the characteristics and distribution of nature reserves in mainland China and evaluated the expansion process for national natur...

In this paper I analyze whether restrictions to capital mobility reduce countries’ vulnerability to major external shocks. More specifically, I ask if countries that restrict the free flow of international capital have a lower probability of experiencing a sudden stop and being subject to contagion than countries that have a freer degree of capital mobility. I use three new indexes on the degre...

Background and Purpose—Previous P–magnetic resonance spectroscopy (P-MRS) studies have shown that cerebral cortical energy metabolism is abnormal in migraine and that cortical energy reserves decrease with increasing severity and duration of aura. Migrainous infarction is a rare complication of migraine with aura, and its pathophysiology is poorly understood. We used P-MRS to determine whether ...

During the past 15 years, China has established more than 300 nature reserves. Many of the wetland reserves have been created primarily to protect endangered cranes. This paper summarizes the status of 22 nature reserves, 13 for breeding cranes and 9 for wintering cranes. The nature reserves have often been established in areas heavily populated or intensively used for economic purposes. Many r...

Central banks’ international reserve holdings have increased significantly in the recent past. This paper assesses the consequences for monetary policy both on theoretical and empirical grounds. According to the quantity theory of money, the accumulation of reserves might result in inflationary pressures if the resulting monetary expansion is not fully sterilized and exceeds the growth of money...