This article examines the meanings of “attack” in international law. It points out that the term is used in two distinct bodies of that law. First, the term “armed attack” appears in the jus ad bellum, which governs when a State may resort to force as an instrument of its national policy. In that context, it serves as a condition precedent to the resort to force in self-defence pursuant to Arti...

This is the second report on ‘‘International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts’’ that has been prepared by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) for an International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. In the years that have elapsed since the first report was presented to the 28th International Conference in Geneva, in December 200...

The severity of the (potential) consequences of the use of agents in the military domain imperatively necessitates research on the application of the law of armed conflict, which provides ‘constraints’ on ‘human’ warfare. In this paper, one of the main principles of that law, target discrimination, is used to highlight legal and ethical dilemmas involving the use of autonomous agents. The incid...

It is said that knowledge and education are key to an empowered lifestyle. The article presupposes the fundamentals of international law, human rights, basis contemporary enlightenment. Knowledge awareness individual’s rights thus essential. expansion digital learning especially use film as a tool in schools universities have become effective teaching mechanism support for educators, particular...

The question of whether non-state armed groups could and should provide reparations to their victims has been largely overlooked. This article explores this gap, with a particular focus on symbolic reparations, such as acknowledgement of the truth and apologies. It argues that, while the question is fraught with legal, conceptual, and practical difficulties, there are some circumstances in whic...

BACKGROUND Post-September 11, 2001, the U.S. government has labeled thousands of Afghan war detainees "unlawful combatants". This label effectively deprives these detainees of the protection they would receive as "prisoners of war" under international humanitarian law. Reports have emerged that indicate that thousands of detainees being held in secret military facilities outside the United Stat...

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