OBJECTIVE To determine whether national drug control laws ensure that opioid drugs are available for medical and scientific purposes, as intended by the 1972 Protocol amendment to the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. METHODS The authors examined whether the text of a convenience sample of drug laws from 15 countries: (i) acknowledged that opioid drugs are indispensable for the relief...

France is geographically located in a central maritime position within the European Union (EU). Consequently, the experience gained and the solutions proposed in France may be of interest within a much wider geographical and institutional framework. The EU directives and regulations and the international treaties and conventions bind it. Among the ‘tools’ for environmental protection and manage...

The ILO has a mandate to protect workers against sickness, diseases and injuries due to workplace hazards and risks including ergonomic and work organization risk factors. One of the main functions for the ILO is to develop international standards related to labour and work. ILO standards have exerted considerable influence on the laws and regulations of member States. The ILO standards take th...

The article is devoted to the methodological aspects of urgent need preserve continuous evolution tree heritage and its cultural values over time. This based on international conventions, recommendations, conservation standards related fundamental tasks International Council Monuments Sites Interest (ICOMOS). intended for specialists students interested in conservation-restoration chemistry. pa...

1. Background and State of the World 1.1 Pre-Second World War until 1972 1.1.1 Air and Water Pollution 1.1.2 Natural Resource and Wildlife Protection 1.1.3 International Governmental Organization Responses 1.2 1972–1992, The Second Generation of Environmental Issues 1.2.1 The Stockholm Conference 1.2.2 Post Stockholm Developments 1.2.3 The Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro 1.3 1992–2000 Post-Rio D...

A century ago, the Chinese opium epidemic spurred international action on drug control as policymakers realized that the problem was too complex for any one country to tackle in isolation. Starting with the International Opium Commission (Shanghai, 1909), Governments over time established an international consensus on the need for the regulation of psychoactive substances. Moreover, a set of no...