Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is an unusual type of chronic pancreatitis having an underlying autoimmunity mechanism. Lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and fibrosis on histology, and elevated IgG levels or detected autoantibodies on laboratory data support the concept of AIP. Periductal lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and fibrosis, its preferential occurrence in the pancreatic head, and venulitis c...

since Aristotle it has been common among philosophers to distinguish between two fundamental types of reasoning, theoretical and practical. We do not only want to work out what is the case but also what we ought to do. This article offers a logical analysis of instrumental reasoning, which is the paradigm of practical reasoning. In the first section I discuss the major types of instrumental rea...

This paper presents an analysis of the English instrumental markers with and 15 verbal use. As with other thematic roles, the semantic generalizations encoded by the role Instrument have been difficult to precisely characterize. In this study, we analyze the distinct semantic contributions of with and use, illuminating several properties of instrumental meaning. In particular, use specifies tha...

In this paper we obtain a consistent estimator when there exist some measurement errors and multicollinearity in the instrumental variables in a two stage least square estimation of parameters. We investigate the asymptotic distribution of the proposed estimator and discuss its properties using some theoretical proofs and a simulation study. A real numerical application is also provided for mor...

The principles of time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) are described with a view to understanding the strengths and weaknesses of this method of mass analysis in the context of current applications of mass spectrometry and the more familiar scanning instruments. Fundamental and instrumental factors affecting resolving power, sensitivity and speed are examined. Methods of gating ion populati...

• People regulate the emotions of others to achieve personal instrumental benefits. • People can make both friends and foes feel bad, if they expect to benefit from it. • Interpersonal regulation may depend on the perceived utility of others' emotions. a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o What motivates people to regulate the emotions of others? Prior research has shown that people are motivat...

Omohundro has argued that sufficiently advanced AI systems of any design would, by default, have incentives to pursue a number of instrumentally useful subgoals, such as acquiring more computing power and amassing many resources. Omohundro refers to these as “basic AI drives,” and he, along with Bostrom and others, has argued that this means great care must be taken when designing powerful auto...

Final Value: An object x is finally valuable if and only if it is valuable as an end. Instrumental Value: An object x is instrumentally valuable if and only if it is valuable as a means. Intrinsic Value: An object x is intrinsically valuable if and only if it is valuable in a way that supervenes only on the intrinsic properties of x. Extrinsic Value: An object x is extrinsically valuable if and...

This paper shows how a representation at multiple scales can be used for generalization in instrumental learning. The use of such representations is an efficient way to code similarities and differences within a stimulus dimension, and allows a learning system to generalize easily between various situations. A neural network based model of classical and instrumental conditioning is presented an...