teaching and learning a second language, especially in postgraduate courses requires teachers to use appropriate teaching approaches and strategies since they can facilitate language learning considerably. the present research aims to study the relationship between instructional scaffolding and language learning among a selected group of persian learners in persian language centre in qazvin, ir...

Because different educational goals are based on individual sets of values, research findings considered highly significant by one group of educators will seem irrelevant to others. Empirical studies of educational objectives are needed to investigate (1) the relationship between the way objectives are formulated and their quality, (2) the extent to which teachers have educational objectives, (...

This paper explores the concepts of motivation, including extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation. It describes how motivation becomes a major concern in the field of instructional design (ID). Furthermore, a motivation model—the ARCS model—is identified and discussed. Finally, it provides an example of how to apply the motivational design process in ID. The aim of this paper is to facili...

Children with Cerebral Palsy require all the usual health care recommended for any child. Parents maybe require instructional practices related to safety environment, feeding programs, immunization, hearing, vision, and dental screening and use of assistive devices. Caregiver plays as essential role in the early identification and observation of growth patterns of children with Cerebral Palsy; ...

Introduction Forty years ago, Robert Gagne published the first edition of his book The Conditions of Learning (1965) in which he proposed nine events of instruction that provide a sequence for organizing a lesson. These events remain the foundation of current instructional design practice (Reiser, 2002; Richey, 2000). They represent desirable conditions in an instructional program and increase ...

The Descriptive Component Display Theory describes explicitly the components of the instructional process; it dissects, identifies and summarizes learner performances; it likewise, dissects and synthesizes the subject matter content and matches content classification with learner performances. Possible presentation forms are also classified as are the modes with which these presentations can be...