one of the most problematic areas in foreign language learning is collocation. it is often seen as arbitrary and an overwhelming obstacle to the achievement of nativelike fluency. current second language (l2) instruction research has encouraged the use of collaborative output tasks in l2 classrooms. this study examined the effects of two types of output tasks (editing and cloze) on the learning...

This study was an attempt to explore the role that the increased perceptual saliency of L2 input features or output flaws and hereby promoting L2 learners’ noticing (through planned instructional activities) can play in the learners’ use of correct English intonation patterns. The participants were 80 Iranian EFL students attending four intact classes, two low-intermediate and two upper-interme...

A parallel distributed processing (PDP) model is proposed to account for choice reaction time (RT) performance in diverse cognitive and perceptual tasks such as the Stroop task, the Simon task, the Eriksen flanker task, and the stimulus-response compatibility task that are interrelated in terms of stimulus-stimulus and stimulus-response overlap (Kornblum, 1992). In multilayered (input-intermedi...

verbmobil, a speech to speech translation system, poses new and challenging tasks for a dialogue component. We present a part of the dialogue component of verbmobil: a robust plan recognizer that processes all of the over 200 dialogues of the verb-mobil corpus. The recognizer currently handles unexpected sequences of input, and will in the future deal with multiple input, hypotheses, and incomp...

We present a novel recurrent neural network (RNN) architecture that combines the remembering ability of unitary RNNs with the ability of gated RNNs to effectively forget redundant information in the input sequence. We achieve this by extending Unitary RNNs with a gating mechanism. Our model is able to outperform LSTMs, GRUs and Unitary RNNs on different benchmark tasks, as the ability to simult...

Fixed robot controllers are suitable for tasks whose main characteristics are known a priori. However, for tasks such as exploration of unknown territory, xed controllers tend to be too brittle as they rely on prede ned knowledge, supplied by the designer. For such tasks (i.e. tasks in which a-priori knowledge is limited) we propose to use self-organising controllers which allow the robot to ac...

Numerous devices have been invented with three or more degrees of freedom (DoF) to compensate for the assumed limitations of the 2 DoF mouse in the execution of 3D tasks. Nevertheless, the mouse remains the dominant input device in desktop 3D applications, which leads us to pose the following question: is the dominance of the mouse due simply to its widespread availability and long-term user ha...