Families provide a considerable amount of informal care and support for older adults living with dementia. And when an older adult with dementia is hospitalized, family caregivers should be seen as important sources of information and included as valuable members of the health care team. This article describes a best-practice approach to working with families and includes recommendations for us...

background informal payments for health care, which are common in many countries, can have negative effects on health care access, equity and health status as they lead people to forgo or delay seeking care, or to sell assets to pay for care. many countries are putting reforms in place with the aim of reducing informal payments. in order to be successful, such policies should be informed by the...

A long line of research has been dealing with the representation, in a formal tool such as an interactive theorem prover, of languages with binding structures (e.g. the lambda calculus). Several concrete encodings of binding have been proposed, including de Bruijn dummies, the locally nameless representation, and others. Each of these encodings has its strong and weak points, with no clear winn...

Abstract Bishop’s presentation of his informal system constructive mathematics BISH was on purpose closer to the proof-irrelevance classical mathematics, although a form proof-relevance evident in use several notions moduli (of convergence, uniform continuity, differentiability, etc.). Focusing membership and equality conditions for sets given by appropriate existential formulas, we define cert...

background and objectives: informal payment in the health settings is a significant challenge facing the health system, with consequences such as inequity in access to healthcare services, distrust to health care system, and dissatisfied customers. detailed identification of the nature of the problem is perquisite to developing relevant overcoming strategies. given that, this study aimed at pro...

The format of grammar presented by Montague (1974) is widely applied in the study of the logical structure of informal language. Thus it is natural to try how it works in the analysis of language in which logical content is uncontro-versially a prominent part of meaning, the language of mathematics. In Ranta 1995, we presented a system of syntactic categories obtained from categories of Montagu...

The concept of burden of proof is used in a wide range of discourses, from philosophy to law, science, skepticism, and even in everyday reasoning. This paper provides an analysis of the proper deployment of burden of proof, focusing in particular on skeptical discussions of pseudoscience and the paranormal, where burden of proof assignments are most poignant and relatively clear-cut. We argue t...

OBJECTIVE To present a tool to analyse the design of support plans for informal care from a gender perspective, using the plans in Andalusia and the United Kingdom as case studies. METHODOLOGY A tool was drawn up to analyse gender mainstreaming and care-giving models involved in the documents. In the gender mainstreaming aspect, a symbolic dimension (gender mainstreaming in the plan's theoret...

This study examined whether formal care services delivered to frail older people's homes in France and Israel substitute for or complement informal support. The two countries have comparable family welfare systems but many historical, cultural and religious differences. Data for the respondents aged 75 or more years at the first wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHA...