background informal payments for health care, which are common in many countries, can have negative effects on health care access, equity and health status as they lead people to forgo or delay seeking care, or to sell assets to pay for care. many countries are putting reforms in place with the aim of reducing informal payments. in order to be successful, such policies should be informed by the...

Centro de Investigaci on en Electroqu {mica y Energ {a Qu {mica (CELEQ) Universidad de Costa Rica Ciudad de la Investigaci on, Apartado 11501 2060, San Jos e, Costa Rica State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals DUT-KTH Joint Research Center on Molecular Devices Dalian University of Technology (DUT), 116024 Dalian, P. R. China ¶Department of ChemistryAngstr€ om Laboratory Uppsala University, 75105...

OBJECTIVES To examine the impact of a panel discussion on transgender health care on first-year (P1) pharmacy students' knowledge and understanding of transgender experiences in an Introduction to Diversity course. DESIGN The panel consisted of both transgender males and females. After panelists shared their healthcare experiences, students asked them questions in a moderated setting. Student...

ill: A systematic review of the literature. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:2667–74 6. Atzil S, Arad M, Glasner A, Abiri N, Avraham R, Greenfeld K, Rosenne E, Beilin B, Ben-Eliyahu S: Blood transfusion promotes cancer progression: A critical role for aged erythrocytes. ANESTHESIOLOGY 2008; 109:989–97 7. Shander A, Hofmann A, Gombotz H, Theusinger OM, Spahn DR: Estimating the cost of blood: Past, present...

Computing with words (CWW) means different things to different people. This article is the start of a position paper, written by some of the members of the CIS Fuzzy Systems Technical Committee Task Force on CWW, that answers the question “What does CWW mean to me?” 1 Chairman of the CWW task force. All of the other authors are members of this task force. 2 This is a task force of the Fuzzy Sys...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 1. Valuation Methods for Informal Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 1.1 Proxy Good Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

OBJECTIVES To study the ethical reasoning of nurses and physicians, and to assess whether or not modified focus groups are a valuable tool for this purpose. DESIGN Discussion of cases in modified focus groups, each consisting of three physicians and three nurses. The discussion was taped and analysed by content analysis. SETTING Five departments of internal medicine at Danish hospitals. S...

An Interactive Discussion Forum (IDF) is a tool for supporting interactive discussions involving video and audio communication. A forum is a form of structured discussion, more purposeful than informal communications, such as chats or mailing list; moreover it has an important role in achieving a sense of community and participation in the audience. During a forum the participants debate a pre-...

background and objectives: informal payment in the health settings is a significant challenge facing the health system, with consequences such as inequity in access to healthcare services, distrust to health care system, and dissatisfied customers. detailed identification of the nature of the problem is perquisite to developing relevant overcoming strategies. given that, this study aimed at pro...