Convergent evolution dictates that diverse groups of viruses will target both similar and distinct host pathways to manipulate the immune response and improve infection. In this study, we sought to leverage this uneven viral antagonism to identify critical host factors that govern disease outcome. Utilizing a systems-based approach, we examined differential regulation of IFN-γ-dependent genes f...

Objective This study evaluates the difference between winter influenza and summer influenza in Okinawa. Methods From January 2007 to June 2014, weekly rapid antigen test (RAT) results performed in four acute care hospitals were collected for the surveillance of regional influenza prevalence in the Naha region of the Okinawa Islands. Results An antigenic data analysis revealed that multiple H1N1...

BACKGROUND The current method used to measure haemagglutinin (HA) content for influenza vaccine formulation, single radial immunodiffusion (SRID), is lengthy and relies on the availability of matched standardised homologous reagents. The 2009 influenza pandemic highlighted the need to develop alternate assays that are able to rapidly quantitate HA antigen for vaccine formulation. OBJECTIVES T...

Epizootic of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza subtype H5N1 in Nigeria was successfully contained during the first wave that lasted from 2006 to 2008 without use vaccine. Re-current and more severe outbreak witnessed 2015 there are suspicions some farmers may have resorted vaccination prevent infections their flocks. We investigate evidence farms status as alternate control for HPAI Nigeria. Th...

Pandemic influenza remains a continuing global threat, and in the past 10 years we have seen 2 avian influenza viruses spread into the human population and a pandemic of a novel triple-reassortment influenza A(H1N1). Since reemerging in 2003, avian influenza A(H5N1) is now widely dispersed among birds, and >600 human cases of infection with high case-fatality rates have been reported worldwide ...

Structure determination of adjuvant-coupled antigens is essential for rational vaccine development but has so far been hampered by the relatively low antigen content in formulations and their heterogeneous composition. Here we show that magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR can be used to assess structure influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk long alpha helix antigen, both its free, unformul...

Influenza is a disease of global dimension occurring in annual epidemics, and infrequently as pandemic with high attack rates. The annual epidemics result in the host population updating its pool of humoral immunity by exposure to the most recent viruses carrying altered antigenic specificity caused by 'anti-gen shift' in the haemagglutinin (H) ligand. Pandemics are caused by 'antigen drift'. T...

1. An electrophoretic study has been made of normal mouse serum, influenza mouse serum, and influenza mouse lung suspension. The mobilities of the protein fractions present have been determined at various pH's by the optical method. 2. The pH-mobility curve of the soluble (complement-fixing) antigen present in the lung suspension has been determined analytically by sampling and application of t...

The eye route has been evaluated as an efficient vaccine delivery routes. However, in order to induce sufficient antibody production with inactivated vaccine, testing of the safety and efficacy of the use of inactivated antigen plus adjuvant is needed. Here, we assessed various types of adjuvants in eyedrop as an anti-influenza serum and mucosal Ab production-enhancer in BALB/c mice. Among the ...

BACKGROUND Influenza A viruses cause occasional pandemics and frequent epidemics. Licensed influenza vaccines that induce high antibody titers to the highly polymorphic viral surface antigen hemagglutinin must be re-formulated and readministered annually. A vaccine providing protective immunity to the highly conserved internal antigens could provide longer-lasting protection against multiple in...