Marked exchange rate depreciation following the global terms of trade shocks at start 2022 year brought high inflation and deteriorating living standards caused substantial increases in domestic currency values public debt bank liabilities. Nonetheless, growth continued, prospect is for a return to steady 2023. But assessed be unsustainable, servicing government presents risks this outlook.

convertibility is an important factor in international trade where instruments valued in different currencies will be exchanged. convertibility can be either total manner or a partial manner. however, whatever the type of convertibility, there will be advantages and disadvantages to  the economy of a country of which has  made a convertibility of its national currency. convertibility was studie...

We document how the entire distribution of exchange rate returns responds to changes in global financial conditions. measure conditions as common component country-specific condition indices, computed consistently across a large panel developed and emerging economies. Using quantile regression, we provide characterisation ranking tail behaviour sample currencies response tightening conditions, ...

Abstract: Central banks have long been interested in obtaining precise estimations of money demand given the fact that the evolution of money demand plays a key role over several monetary variables. One implication of currency substitution is that the exchange rate could serve as another determinant of the demand for money. Due to the recent currency crisis in Iran, it would be important to inv...

The study of determining the factors affecting inflation or consumer price index has been conducted by many macroeconomic economists nationally as well as internationally. In this paper, we assess the external determinants of inflation dynamics in Iran. For this purpose, we use an OLS single equation model and a vector error correction model (VECM). Results of the analysis reveal that money sup...