PURPOSE Although the rectus abdominis and its sheath are well known structures, their development in the human fetus is poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined rectus abdominis and sheath development in semiserial horizontal sections of 18 fetuses at 5-9 weeks of gestation. RESULTS Rectus muscle differentiation was found to commence above the umbilicus at 6 weeks and extend inf...

AIM To investigate changes in fundus excyclotorsion after inferior oblique myectomy or myotomy. METHODS The records of 21 patients undergoing strabismus surgery by a single surgeon between 2009 and 2012 were examined. Only patients who had undergone an inferior oblique myectomy or myotomy, with or without horizontal rectus muscle surgery, were evaluated. Digital fundus photographs were obtain...

Evoked potentials were recorded from the oculomotor nucleus in decerebrate cats following electrical stimulation of individual muscle branches of the oculomotor nerve. These potentials were usually triphasic but other more complex potentials were evoked depending on the positions of the recording electrode. Equipotential contour maps of the evoked electrical fields were plotted at different tim...

PURPOSE To study the neuroanatomic characteristics of patients with Duane's retraction syndrome with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS The study included 11 consecutive cases, including five patients with type I, one patient with type II, four patients with type III, and one patient with inverse Duane's retraction syndrome. The patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging o...

Study design: A quasi-experimental study design Background: The motion of the suboccipital region is controlled by several groups smaller and larger muscle group, these might play a role in development cervicogenic headache. Abnormal tone can lead to abnormal movement patterns resulting altered proprioceptive information from mechanoreceptors this region. Thus, will contribute cervical dysfunct...

This procedure was developed for preservation of the rectus muscle components and deep inferior epigastric vessel after deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap harvesting. A 53-year-old woman with granuloma caused by silicone injection underwent bilateral nipple-sparing mastectomies and immediate reconstruction with "mini-flow-through" DIEP flaps. The flaps were dissected based on the s...

Because of their anatomic proximity, pupillary and inferior rectus functions are linked in most cases of fascicular oculomotor palsy, with either sparing or involvement of both. A 40-year-old woman presented with painless binocular diplopia and left ptosis. Examination additionally showed limitations of the adduction and depression in the presence of normal supraduction and intact pupillary fun...

HYPOTHESIS Transverse rectus abdominus musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap breast reconstruction provides excellent cosmetic results. Pedicle flap viability is greatly enhanced by prereconstruction inferior epigastric vessel ligation, which encourages collateral arterial flow (delayed TRAM). We report our initial experience with laparoscopic inferior epigastric vessel ligation. DESIGN Prospective ca...