This paper examines incentive-wage effects for production and for managerial/technical workers in both urban and rural Chinese non-agricultural enterprises. We report strong evidence of productivity-enhancing wage behavior among enterprises in all ownership categories. There is also evidence that firms paying higher efficiency wages experience less shirking among their employees. We find that t...

The state of soil Being the largest country in the world as to its territory, Russia has not managed to escape the problem of land loss in the face of challenges connected with modern social development. One such problem relates to the loss of the fertile layer of the land surface known as soil. The causes of these negative processes seem to be widely known and similar in many countries. Howeve...

for the past 3 decades, creating industrial clusters have been considered as an approach for the development of most small and medium enterprises. the goal of this programme is that all small and medium enterprises locating in a certain geoghraphic area can concentrate on cluster approach to collaborate in market research, production design, training and other activities that are not economical...

broadcast digitalization with its enormous benefits to the broadcasting industry will improve the quality of content of programs delivered by television stations. africa has a switchover date of june, 2017. for nigerians to have access to television broadcast once the switch over is completed, they must purchase high definition television sets or the set-up box. the awareness among urban dwelle...

rural economy has an important role in rural sustainable development in every region or country. however, the rural economy in iran is too much depending on agriculture and development of other rural economy in particular nonfarm activities, has been neglected by iranian rural communities. therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the role of non-farm business on rural sustainable develo...

because every day production of refuse material is increasing, interest in the development of biogas units in many countries, both as traditional and industrial plants, has been increased. about 74 million tons of methane gas is produced from cattle dung and 40 million tons is produced only from urban solid wastes in the world annually .this would influence the greenhouse effect india and china...

rural economy has an important role in rural sustainable development in every region or country. however, the rural economy in iran is too much depending on agriculture and development of other rural economy in particular nonfarm activities, has been neglected by iranian rural communities. therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the role of non-farm business on rural sustainable develo...