The current trends to postpone motherhood and the increase in demand for assistance in reproductive medicine highlight the need for seeking guidelines for the establishment of individualized treatment protocols. Currently available ovarian reserve tests do not provide sufficient evidence to be solely considered ideal, but they may occupy important place in initial counseling, predicting unsatis...

Determining the exact genetic causes for a patient and providing definite molecular diagnoses are core elements of precision medicine. Individualized patient care is often limited by our current knowledge of disease etiologies and commonly used phenotypic-based diagnostic approach. The broad and incompletely understood phenotypic spectrum of a disease and various underlying genetic heterogeneit...

Phenotype descriptions are valuable information right at the interface of medicine and biology. With the rapid advancement in the fi eld of genetics, thousands of genes involved in human diseases have been cloned. It was expected that knowledge of mutations would lead to consistent genotype-phenotype correlations. The understanding of mechanisms underlying genotype-phenotype discrepancies is im...

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a largely preventable and treatable disease characterized by airflow limitation. The airflow limitation is usually progressive and associated with a chronic inflammatory response of the airways and lungs to noxious particles or gases [1]. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is heterogeneous and assumes different phenotypes. COPD patients with di...

personalized medicine is a set of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic approaches in which medical interventions are carried out based on individual patient characteristics. as life expectancy increases in developed and developing countries, the incidence of diseases such as cancer goes up among people in the community. cancer is a disease that the response to treatment varies from one person...

This book’s author works at Johns Hopkins University in the Department of General Internal Medicine. In addition to being a clinician with a focus on internal medicine, Berger has a doctorate in epidemiology, works as a bioethicist, instructs medical students and residents, and sees patients. Berger begins and ends the book by describing what he views as the major components of how medicine is ...

Genomics and proteomics have held out the promise of individualized medicine for the last 10 or 20 years, but clinical medicine has not yet delivered on this promise. Some cancers, such as breast cancer and some hematologic malignancies, have been at the forefront of individualized therapeutic approaches by integrating molecular biomarkers into treatment decision algorithms. Until recently, the...