background: many psychiatric patients have nicotine and other substance dependence.   objective: to determine the prevalence of nicotine and opium dependence among psychiatric in-patients inkerman, a city in southwesterniran.   methods: three groups of psychiatric inpatients, chronic medical patients and a sample from local population, each including 400 subjects were selected.  nicotine depend...

walking being the oldest form of urban transport, and until the advent of major transformationsin transport technology in the nineteenth century, most cities were structured in ways that supported walkability.today, there is a change in transportation which emphasizes, the traditional pedestrian paths which are increasinglybecoming non-regulated spaces when compared to the urban spaces for auto...

abstract background and objective: according to the issue of dependence and tolerance in addicted patients, the inefficiency of existing treatments and the new recommendation for drug combination therapy for diseases in modern pharmacology, the present study examined the effect of methadone and valproate combination on morphine dependence and tolerance. materials and methods: ninety-eight male ...

BACKGROUND Research suggests that individuals who start drinking at an early age are more likely to subsequently develop alcohol dependence. Twin studies have demonstrated that the liability to age at first drink and to alcohol dependence are influenced by common genetic and environmental factors, however, age at first drink may also environmentally mediate increased risk for alcohol dependence...

rhelogical properties of mucilage extracted from garden cress (lepidium sativum l.) seeds as influenced by gum concentration (0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 % w/w), temperature (5, 25 and 40 ?c), as well as ph (2.5, 4, 7 and 10) were investigated. non-newtonian shear thinning flow behavour was observed with the power law model well describing the rheological behavior of the solutions. increasing the sol...

background: high prevalence of risky behaviors in alcohol dependents have been shown in several studies, but correlation between alcohol abuse and risky behaviors and relapse in patients with opiate dependence has been less investigated. this study aimed to determine the effect of alcohol abuse in rate of risk-taking behaviors in opiate dependents patients treated on maintenance program in nort...