Abstract Background Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) has been suggested to cause neuroinflammation and motor neuron degeneration by activating microglia astrocytes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Since we have developed a highly sensitive ATP assay system, examined cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels patients with ALS whether it can be useful biomarker ALS. Methods Forty-eight...

The initial omicron (B.1.1.529) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) subvariants, BA.1 and BA.2 (BA.1/2), were progressively displaced by BA.5 in Japan, which showed not only higher transmittivity less pathogenicity, but also differences antibiotic use according to the difference clinical course of compared with BA.1/2 infections. patients received more antibiotics, espe...