Two types of rod-coil block copolymers including poly(3-hexylthiophene)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (P3HT-b-PEG) and PEG-block-polyaniline (PANI) were synthesized using Grignard metathesis polymerization, Suzuki coupling, and interfacial polymerization. Afterward, two types of single crystals were grown by self-seeding methodology to investigate the coily and rod blocks in grafted brushes and o...

Abstract. The review describes the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study kinetics folding, refolding and aggregation proteins, RNA DNA. Time-resolved NMR experiments can be conducted in a reversible or an irreversible manner. In particular, folding pose large requirements for (i) signal-to-noise due time limitations (ii) synchronising steps. Thus, this contributi...

During heavy rain on 1–2 June 2015 in central China, the Wuhan mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere (MST) radar was applied to record atmospheric responses with a 30 min period. According vertical gradient of echo power above 500 hPa, tropopause height could be determined by MST detection. The descent clearly observed few hours before rain, and then recovered usual heights during rain. observati...

In the past, studies of stratosphere-troposphere exchange of mass and chemical species have mainly emphasized the synopticand small-scale mechanisms of exchange. This review, however, includes also the global-scale aspects of exchange, such as the transport across an isentropic surface (potential temperature about 380 K) that in the tropics lies just above the tropopause, near the 100-hPa press...

This paper discusses Rossby wave breaking on the isentropic surfaces that intersect the subtropical tropopause, using winds and isentropic potential vorticity from high-resolution meteorological analysis. The focus is both on particular aspects of individual wave breaking events, as well as on more general aspects such as the spatial and temporal distribution of the mixing associated with these...

Transport from the surface to the lowermost stratosphere (LMS) can occur on timescales of a few months or less, making it possible for short-lived tropospheric pollutants to influence stratospheric composition and chemistry. Models used to study this influence must demonstrate the credibility of their chemistry and transport in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS). Data sets fro...

In situ observations of “cold trap” dehydration in the western tropical Pacific F. Hasebe, M. Fujiwara, N. Nishi, M. Shiotani, H. Vömel, S. Oltmans, H. Takashima, S. Saraspriya, and N. Komala Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Geophysical Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Jap...

In this article, we will cover the folding of proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), including the role of three types of covalent modifications: signal peptide removal, N-linked glycosylation, and disulfide bond formation, as well as the function and importance of resident ER folding factors. These folding factors consist of classical chaperones and their cochaperones, the ca...

A new constellation of radio occultation satellites called COSMIC-2 (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate-2) is providing unprecedented dense measurements the tropical atmosphere, with on average more than 4,000 high quality observations per day over 40°N–S. We use these data to evaluate large- small-scale thermal variability in lower stratosphere during Octob...

Abstract In the tropics, tropopause is exceptionally cold and air entering stratosphere dehydrated down to a few parts per million leading extreme dryness of Earth’s stratosphere. Deep convection typically detrains kilometers below tropopause, but storms that may reach up could have an outsize effect on water vapor, other chemically important trace species, clouds. However, little progress has ...