Although the scanning microwave microscope (SMM) is based on atomic force (AFM), SMM differs from AFM by being able to sense subsurface electromagnetic properties of a sample. This makes promising for in-depth nondestructive characterization nanoelectronic structures. However, raw data are convoluted with sample topography, making it especially challenging quantitative nonplanar In this paper, ...

The Anthropocene is a geological epoch marked by major human influences on processes in the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and geosphere. One of the most dramatic features of the Anthropocene is the massive alteration of the Earth's vegetation, including forests. Here we investigate the role of topography in shaping human impacts on tree cover from local to global scales. We show that human...

China, a country that occupies a vast territory with a diverse climate, varied topography and great variety of flora and fauna, is situated in the southeastern Asia. Its land extends from longitude 73 0 E to 135 0 E, a stretch of over 3,200 miles. From north to south, it spans from latitude 53 0 N to 4 0 N, covering a distance of 3,400 miles. The varied climate crosses frigid, temperate, subtro...

The properties of biomaterials, including their surface microstructural topography and their surface chemistry or surface energy/wettability, affect cellular responses such as cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration. The nanotopography of moderately rough implant surfaces enhances the production of biological mediators in the peri-implant microenvironment with consequent recruitment of diff...

Thin films that exhibit spatially heterogeneous swelling often buckle into the third dimension to minimize stress. These effects, in turn, offer a promising strategy to fabricate complex three-dimensional structures from two-dimensional sheets. Here we employ surface topography as a new means to guide buckling of swollen polymer bilayer films and thereby control the morphology of resulting thre...

River topography is famously fractal, and the fractality of the sediment bed surface can produce scaling in solute residence time distributions. Empirical evidence showing the relationship between fractal bed topography and scaling of hyporheic travel times is still lacking. We performed experiments to make highresolution observations of streambed topography and solute transport over naturally ...