In May 1999, the European Space Agency (ESA) selected SMOS as an Earth Explorer Opportunity mission. One of its goals is the generation of global Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) maps. The sensor embarked is an L-band interferometric radiometer with full-polarimetric capability called MIRAS. The retrieval of SSS from microwave measurements is based on the fact that the brightness temperature (TB) of ...

treated sea water is the most significant source of water and surfactant floods. the various chemicals employed in treatment plants should be compatible with surfactant systems. based on surface tension experiments, the activity of these chemicals is examined over a wide range of concentrations in different solutions, including distillated water, sea water by using three types of surfactant mix...

1. ABSTRACT The ability to investigate properties of the sea surface by means of navigation signals has recently received growing interest from the remote sensing community. This innovative technique is known as Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R), and it relies on signals of opportunity transmitted from GNSS Constellations (e.g. GPS, Glonass, Galileo etc.), and reflected ...

introduction zayanderood basin is one of the major internal river basins in the central iran, where zayanderood river is the only permanent river. fluctuations in rainfall in recent years have affected different areas of iran. because of the dependence of the provinces of isfahan, yazd, and kerman on water resources of this basin, changes and fluctuations in precipitation within this watershed ...

The ability of altimetry to detect extreme low pressure events and the relationship between sea level pressure and sea level anomalies during extra-tropical depressions have been investigated. Specific altimeter treatments have been developed for tropical cyclones and applied to obtain a relevant along-track sea surface height (SSH) signal: the case of tropical cyclone Isabel is presented here....

marine environment of the caspian sea, due to extensive human exploitation and discharge of large magnitudes of urban, industrial and agricultural waste, is under extensive pressure and human wastes threaten marine life and ecosystem of the sea. therefore, there is a substantial need for a good understanding of physical and chemical characteristics of the caspian waters. however, the data avail...

introduction climate change is an important environmental hazard that has been discussed in recent years. increasing the number or frequency of extreme climatic events such as severe droughts, floods, storms, heat and cold waves and heavy rains are the evidences of climate change. any of these events, due to the severity and persistence and their spread are a natural hazard that adverse effects...