Although depressive disorders have been known for centuries, drug treatment is relatively recent. It was only in the 1950s, when studyof a drug for tuberculosis, Iproniazid, that its antidepressant propertieswere identified. After 50 years more selective and specific drugs have been discovered. The authors review not only new realities in depressive psychopathology, but also the latest innovati...

Human Africa trypanosomiasis is a centuries-old disease which has disrupted sub-Saharan Africa in both physical suffering and economic loss. This article presents an update of classic chemotherapeutic agents, in use for >50 years and the recent development of promising non-toxic combination chemotherapy suitable for use in rural clinics.

Abstract Mudbrick settlements are a common sight in central Oman and often attributed to the Yaʿariba al‐Busaydī periods. They have been subject of study different projects past, providing good basis for understanding settlements. This paper will review how mudbrick studied since beginning this century discuss approaches future research. A specific focus is interpretation analysis material cult...

Background Brazil is a country of Portuguese colonization with massive numbers of immigrants and Portuguese descendants (25 millions). At least half of all Brazilian Y chromosomes are from Portuguese origin. Nevertheless, this population suffered miscegenation with native Indians and African descendants. African descendants Brazilians have 48% of non-African genes, probably from Portuguese asce...

: in this article the presence of women in islamic society has been addressed. women has been discussed in three social, economic, and scientific areas. the relation between the islamic jurisdiction and social presence of women has been studied based on the act and tradition of the prophet and imams. moreover, this article examines how much the islamic rulers adhere to the islamic acts and trad...

This review deals with the most meaningful historical topics on the study of synovial fluid, by starting from the Greco-Roman Medicine, up to Paracelsus (1493-1541), who introduced the term "synovia" to name the intra-articular humour. Afterwards, some till now unreported historical sources are recorded, e.g., a short text by the Italian XVIII century physician Giambattista Contoli ("Breve Inst...

The history of clinical chemistry, particularly in the last hundred years, has been sadly neglected by historians. Biochemistry, its academic parent, has had at least some attention, but the rethinking of disease in metabolic terms and, more important, the ways in which that rethinking was realized through technology have scarcely been considered. No doubt this is in part because of the technic...

Previous calibrations of prokaryotic phylogenetic events were based on the vertebrate fossil record because a detailed microbial fossil record does not exist. Recently, compounds (2-methylhopanoids) that are found in cyanobacterial membranes were identified among compounds extracted from late Archean sedimentary rocks. These lipids establish a minimum time, 2.65 Ga (Billion Years Ago), in the g...