6th century BCE, probably as part of the expansion into the region of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. Lying on one of the main branches of the ancient Silk Roads, which connected Europe and Africa to the Far East, a succession of cities flourished. By the early medieval period these encompassed over 1,000ha (Fig. 1). The great Islamic city of Sultan Kala, capital of the eastern Islamic world, wa...

Financial instruments are one of the fundamental dimensions of financial markets that guarantee their efficiency and effectiveness of these markets. These instruments playe a main role in economy to direct money from saving sources to investment needs. These instruments provide possibility of financing companies from public and private sources and also are considered as investment instruments f...

For the first time Willem Floor in his interesting and worthy reading work, Public health in Qajar Iran, has correctly considered the general concept of medicine» in Iran derived from three sources: Galenic medicine, religious medicine and traditional medicine. According to Floor, (which later studies also confirm it), the Islamic period medical knowledge in Iran,&nbsp...

Islamic Finance is more than an asset class – it is a way of life lived by 1.6 billion Muslims around the world. But its reach goes even further – non-Islamic countries, governments, and businesses, have all invested in or issued Islamic securities for one reason or another. With the ongoing push of globalization of trade and finance, Islamic financial flows, long a localized phenomenon, have b...

after the formation of islamic governement by the prophet mohammad in medina and expansion of islamic territory to the whole arabia peninsula and then to realm of persian and roman empires, the establishment and development of a financial and administrative organization was inevitable. accordeing to historical sources, the heritage of persian administration was entered into islamic organization...