among the food products, grains play an important role in the consumption patterns of people, especially in the developing countries. since iran's main source of public dietary energy comes directly from grains, investigating and identifying the determinants of import of these products can be an important step towards food security. most experimental studies consider import of grains as only a ...

Import of tRNA into the mitochondrial matrix of Trypanosoma brucei was reconstituted in vitro. Efficient import required the hydrolysis of externally added ATP and was shown to be a carrier-mediated process depending on proteinaceous receptors on the surface of mitochondria. A partly synthetic tRNA(Tyr) as well as a physiological tRNA(Lys) were imported along the same pathway. Contrary to impor...

The data presented here reveal a new facet of the physiological adjustment processes through which Bacillus subtilis can derive osmostress protection. We found that the import of proteogenic (Glu, Gln, Asp, Asn, and Arg) and of nonproteogenic (Orn and Cit) amino acids and their metabolic conversion into proline enhances growth under otherwise osmotically unfavorable conditions. Osmoprotection b...

Mitochondrial biogenesis is accompanied by an increased expression of components of the protein import machinery, as well as increased import of proteins destined for the matrix. We evaluated the role of the outer membrane receptor Tom20 by varying its expression and measuring changes in the import of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in differentiating C2C12 muscle cells. Cells transfected with Tom20...

Abstract What explains divides in the public’s support for trade protection? Traditional economic arguments primarily focus on individuals’ expectations increased or decreased wages face of greater openness, yet studies testing such wage-based concerns identify a different divide as well: even after accounting wage effects, women are typically more supportive protection. We argue that trade-ind...

The divergent growth rates of New Zealand regions are a matter of concern to economists, geographers and policy makers. People have been concerned about the 'drift to the north' since at least the 1920s. Geographers have paid particular attention to the role of manufacturing industry in explaining the growing hegemony of Auckland (Taylor and Hosking, 1979), and in generating regional inequaliti...

The import of proteins into peroxisomes possesses many unusual features such as the ability to import folded proteins, and a surprising diversity of targeting signals with differing affinities that can be recognized by the same receptor. As understanding of the structure and function of many components of the protein import machinery has grown, an increasingly complex network of factors affecti...

Leucoplasts are important organelles for the synthesis and storage of starch, lipids and proteins. However, molecular mechanism of protein import into leucoplasts and how it differs from that of import into chloroplasts remain unknown. We used pea seedlings for both chloroplast and leucoplast isolations to compare within the same species. We further optimized the isolation and import conditions...

Abstract Shapiro ( Quarterly Journal of Economics , 2021) conducts an in‐depth empirical analysis to show that dirtier upstream goods face lower import tariffs than cleaner downstream goods. Inspired by paper, we examine how the welfare maximizing on final will differ depending dirtiness and extent cross border pollution. We countries concerned about controlling pollution but own would be encou...