Process-induced strain dependence of impact ionization efficiency (IIE) in nMOSFETs with a tensile contact etch stop layer (CESL) is presented for the first time. From the universal relationship between the IIE and the electric field in the pinch-off region, a difference in the IIE of nMOSFETs between without and with the tensile CESL is found. This result can be mainly attributed to the narrow...

the biggest challenges faced in big cities are greenhouse gas emission and growing energy needs. efficient utilization of existing infrastructures has a prominent role in response to the challenges. energy hub approach embraces performance of different energy networks. energy hub is defined as a super node in electrical system receiving distinctive energy carriers such as gas and electricity in...

This research deals with axial and oblique impact crash tests on simple and hybrid composite tubes. Axial and oblique impact tests have been generated on simple and hybrid composite tubes with one, two and three layers. A drop test rig was used to conduct the experiments. Furthermore, in order to gain more detailed knowledge about the crash process, finite element simulations of the experim...

Health impact assessment (HIA) has been advanced as a means of bringing potential health impacts to the attention of policy makers, particularly in sectors where health impacts may not otherwise be considered. This article examines lessons for HIA in the United States from the related and relatively well-developed field of environmental impact assessment (EIA). We reviewed the EIA literature an...

Health impact assessment (HIA) can ensure that health is a core element of sustainable urban planning. Based on the experience of the NSW HIA Project, we discuss the current strengths of HIA and challenges facing it as an urban sustainability tool across five areas: the use of evidence; integrating HIA with environmental impact assessments; including consideration of equity; recognising wider d...

für Naturforschung in cooperation with the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Dieses Werk wurde im Jahr 2013 vom Verlag Zeitschrift für Naturforschung in Zusammenarbeit mit der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. digitalisiert und unter folgender Lizenz veröffentlicht: Creative Commons Namen...

Over the past several decades, obesity has grown into a major global epidemic. In the United States (US), more than two-thirds of adults are now overweight and one-third is obese. In this article, we provide an overview of the state of research on the likely economic impact of the US obesity epidemic at the national level. Research to date has identified at least four major categories of econom...