We are witnessing a significant challenge to immunology's basic tenet, the immune self. Such an 'entity' is increasingly regarded as polymorphous and ill defined as transplantation biology and autoimmunity have demonstrated phenomena that fail to allow faithful adherence to a strict dichotomy of self/nonself discrimination. Instead of searching for elusive criteria of 'self' and 'other', immune...

Introduction: In HIV-associated tuberculosis cases, identifying nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) from clinical samples has become essential regarding patients’ treatment and prognosis. This study aims to determine the prevalence of different Mycobacteria species from immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients with suspected tuberculosis attending a tertiary care hospital in Kolkata, India....

OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate the association between maternal Rh D status, prenatal exposure to anti-D immune globulin, and the risk of autism in the offspring. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study among children born from 1995 to 1999 at Kaiser Permanente Northern California hospitals. Cases (n = 400) were children with an autism diagnosis; controls (n = 410) were child...

BACKGROUND Unintentional injury or trauma remains the leading cause of death among young adults. About one fifth of these trauma patients require care in an intensive care unit (ICU) because of severity of injuries and comorbidities. Patients hospitalized in an ICU are at increased risk for nosocomial infections, such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bacteremia, and wound infections. Man...

The present study evaluated the impact of chronic herbicide (oxyfluorfen; OXY) exposure on catfish, Clarias gariepinus, in terms growth, hematobiochemical parameters, immune response, antioxidant- and immune-related gene expression, resistance to monogenean parasites, Quadriacanthus aegypticus. In addition, protective role Wormwood, Artemisia cina (AC) against OXY through diet inclusion was als...

Rapid, accurate, and quantitative characterization of immune status of patients is of utmost importance for disease diagnosis and prognosis, evaluating efficacy of immunotherapeutics and tailoring drug treatments. Immune status of patients is often dynamic and patient-specific, and such complex heterogeneity has made accurate, real-time measurements of patient immune status challenging in the c...

Vitamin D is an important immune system regulator. The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], has been shown to inhibit the development of autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Paradoxically, other immune system-mediated diseases (experimental asthma) and immunity to infectious organisms were unaffected by 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. There are si...