Recently, "ipilimumab," an anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) monoclonal antibody, has been demonstrated to improve overall survival in metastatic melanoma. "CTLA-4" is an immune-checkpoint molecule that downregulates pathways of T-cell activation. Ipilimumab, by targeting CTLA-4, is able to remove the CTLA-4 inhibitory signal, allowing the immune system to react to cancer cells. Du...

Background: The extensive education on contraceptive methods, particularly in rural areas of developing countries, play a pivotal role in preventing of induced abortion. The main purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and major cause of induced abortion in women in northwestern Iran. Materials and Methods: The hospital documentary of 848 women encountering medical examinations du...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Rapidly progressive dementia (RPD) is an emergency in cognitive neurology, defined as cognitive impairment affecting the daily living activities developed over less than 1 year. This study investigated the profile of patients with rapidly progressive dementia at first presentation. METHODS Retrospective case analysis was done in 187 patients with rapidly progressive dem...

Background & Objectives: Chronicity of lupus nephritis (LN) should be considered for interaction of cell mediated immunity (CMI) and dendritic cells in glomeruli and tubulointerstitial areas. In this study establishment of immunohistopathological changes of dendritic cells and other immune effector cells in lupus nephritis comparing with non-lupus nephritis was performed. Materials & Methods: ...

Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) - also called idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura or immune thrombocytopenic purpura - is an acquired thrombocytopenia caused by autoantibodies against platelet antigens. It is one of the more common causes of thrombocytopenia in otherwise asymptomatic adults. Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a potentially lethal, but curable, tick-borne disease. We p...

Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (MN) is one common cause of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in adults; 25% of MN patients proceed to end-stage renal disease. In adults, membranous nephropathy is a lead cause of nephrotic syndrome, with about 75% of the cases idiopathic. Secondary causes include autoimmune disease, infection, drugs and malignancy. Three hypotheses about pathogenesis have surface...

Kidney transplant recipients may develop chronic allograft failure due to immune and non-immune mechanisms, including chronic rejection, nephrotoxicity from calcineurin inhibitors, recurrent glomerular disease, BK viral infection and uncommon causes. We report two patients with chronic deterioration of graft function after combined kidney and pancreas allograft transplantation who presented wit...

Background: It is estimated that 15 million births occur every year to adolescents. This represents about 11%of all births each year. The global average rate of births per 1000 females aged 15-19 years is 65. A range of social, cultural, biological and service delivery factors contribute to the high levels of adolescent pregnancy and childbirth. This study was conducted to determine the causes ...

abstract background: hereditary red cell enzyme disorders are a group of non-immune/spherocytic hemolytic anemia, although these disorders are rare and they have not public health problems, the detection of these defects could help to physician in treatment and differential diagnosis. this study evaluated 5 enzymopathies in patients with hereditary non –immune/spherocytic hemolytic anemia (hnsh...

Introduction Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes enzootic pneumonia that primarily affects growing pigs. Although the disease is nonfatal, it causes substantial losses attributable to reduced growth performance, increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial pneumonia, and potentiation of PRRSV-induced pneumonia.1, 2 Both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses appear to be important in providi...