The intergenic region (IGR) located upstream of the capsid protein gene in dicistroviruses contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Translation initiation mediated by the IRES does not require initiator methionine tRNA. Comparison of the IGRs among dicistroviruses suggested that Taura syndrome virus (TSV) and acute bee paralysis virus have an extra side stem loop in the predicted IRES. ...

The insect growth regulator (IGR) hydroprene is a juvenile hormone analogue used in urban and stored-product insect control programs in the United States and in other developed countries. Hydroprene can be considered as an alternative to conventional insecticides because of its specific activity against immature insect stages, low persistence in the environment, and virtually non-toxic effects ...

Virtual screening emerged as an important tool in our quest to access novel pesticides like compounds. The capability to propose feasible ways of binding a putative ligand to a known receptor site is crucial to the structure – based drug design. Molecular docking is one of the most important methods in computer assisted screening of compounds. A docking approach is to “dock” ligand and receptor...

There are currently no broad estimates of the overall strength and direction of selection operating on intergenic variation in bacteria. Here we address this using large whole genome sequence datasets representing six diverse bacterial species; ​Escherichia coli ​ , ​Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica ​ , ​Streptococcus pneumoniae ​ , ​Klebsiella pneumoniae ​ , and ​Mycobacterium tuberc...

Dengue Fever (DF) and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) have been the most common urban diseases in Southeast Asia since the 1950s. More recently, the diseases have spread to Central and South America and are now considered as worldwide diseases. Both Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are involved in the transmission of DF/DHF in Southeast Asian region. The paper discusses the present status and...

BACKGROUND Juvenile hormone (JH) plays an important role in honeybee development and the regulation of age-related division of labor. However, honeybees can be exposed to insect growth regulators (IGRs), such as JH analogs developed for insect pest and vector control. Although their side effects as endocrine disruptors on honeybee larval or adult stages have been studied, little is known about ...

20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E) is a major insect hormone that regulates insect metamorphosis and development.' Recently, a new class of compounds has been traced to the 20E agonists that initiate a precocious and incomplete molt. A class of N'-benzoyl-N tert-butylbenzohydrazide (BTBH) analogues have been developed for use as new generation insect growth regulators (IGRs)z-4) that mimic the action of ...