The ability of a cell to combat an intracellular pathogen requires a mechanism to recognize the threat and elicit a transcriptional response against it. In the context of virus infection, the cell must take measures to inhibit viral replication, meanwhile, convey warning signals to neighboring cells of the imminent threat. This immune response is predominantly mediated by the production of cyto...

Dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells are essential components of the innate immunity and play a crucial role in the first phase of host defense against infections and tumors. Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is an intracellular pathogen that colonizes the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. Recent findings have shown Lm specifically in splenic CD8a(+) DCs shortly after intravenous infection....

CpG-ODNs activate dendritic cells (DCs) to produce interferon alpha (IFNα) and beta (IFNβ). Previous studies demonstrated that Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) deficient DCs exhibited a residual IFNα response to CpG-A, indicating that yet-unidentified molecules are also involved in induction of IFNα by CpG-A. Here, we report that the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) but n...

Virus infection of mammalian cells induces the production of high levels of type I interferons (IFNα and β), cytokines that orchestrate antiviral innate and adaptive immunity. Previous studies have shown that only a fraction of the infected cells produce IFN. However, the mechanisms responsible for this stochastic expression are poorly understood. Here we report an in depth analysis of IFN-expr...

The type I interferons (IFNs) (IFNα and IFNβ) not only have potent antiviral activities, but also have pathological functions if produced at high levels or over a long time. Recent articles have described antiviral immune mechanisms that are activated in response to virus infection at epithelial surfaces independently of IFNα and IFNβ. This may allow the host to exert rapid local antiviral acti...

Materials and methods: The study was based on a mixed method, based partly on real-world data on 546 RRMS patients treated with IFNβ from a previous observational study [1], and partly from the review of cost studies in the published literature. Reverting and fluctuating patients were not considered in this evaluation. EDSS level (measured at 630 months) and average relapse rates were analysed ...

The JAK-STAT pathway mediates signal transduction evens downstream of several cytokine receptors, which are involved in the pathological processes allergic, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, therefore JAK inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy for skin diseases. Here we developed novel small molecule pan-JAK inhibitor, MDI1228, investigated its vivo effect on development inflammatio...

Except for viruses that initiate RNA synthesis with a protein primer (e.g., picornaviruses), most RNA viruses initiate RNA synthesis with an NTP, and at least some of their viral (ppp)RNAs remain unblocked during the infection. Consistent with this, most viruses require RIG-I to mount an innate immune response, whereas picornaviruses require mda-5. We have examined a SeV infection whose ability...

Interferon-beta 1a (IFNβ-1a) has been shown some promising effects on the management of severe COVID-19. We aimed to evaluate efficacy and safety IFNβ-1a in patients with confirmed mild moderate Respiratory rate (RR) saturation oxygen (SpO2) were considered as primary objectives study. This cross-sectional randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted for 6 months. All received acetaminoph...