Tobacco use is the largest preventable cause of death in the United States. Associations between cigarette smoking and HIV risk behaviors were examined among 669 injection drug users (IDU) in the 2006 wave of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System in Baltimore, Maryland, using respondent-driven sampling. The adjusted prevalence of smoking among IDU was 92.1%, with 32.7% smoking < 1 pac...

OBJECTIVE To measure HIV prevalence and characterize associated risk behaviors among injection drug users (IDU) upon detention in Tehran, Iran. METHODS A cross-sectional survey included 459 male IDU arrested by police during a police sweep in Tehran in 2006. A questionnaire was completed, and blood was collected for HIV testing. RESULTS Overall HIV prevalence was 24.4% (95% confidence inter...

Injecting drug use is a major driver of HIV infections in Eastern Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States, North Africa, the Middle East, and many parts of Asia and North America. We provide a global overview of the epidemiology of HIV infection among drug users and present current drug use trends that may constitute important epidemic drivers. We describe trends in ethnic disparities am...

OBJECTIVES To determine the demographic characteristics, risk behaviours and prevalence of HIV-1 among injection drug users (IDU) attending Calgary's needle exchange program (NEP). METHODS A survey was conducted from June through September 1998 among IDU attending Calgary's NEP. Demographic and behaviour characteristics were determined by personal interview and saliva was tested for HIV antib...

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is usually caused by infection with an adenovirus, generally type 8 (Hanna, Jawetz, Mitsui, Thygeson, Kimura, and Nicholas, I957). As this is a DNA virus it might be expected to respond to treatment with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IDU) which acts by interfering with the normal synthesis of DNA, thus preventing replication of DNA-containing viruses (Herrmann, I 96 I; S...

BACKGROUND These data were collected as part of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) study. NHBS is a cross-sectional study to investigate HIV behavioral risks among core risk groups in 21 U.S. cities with the highest HIV/AIDS prevalence. This analysis examines data from the NHBS data collection cycle with IDU conducted in New York City in 2009. We explored how the recency of migrati...

INTRODUCTION Suicide is a spectrum of behavior including suicide ideation and suicidal attempt and is undoubtedly the outcome of the interaction of several factors. The role of two main constructs of human nature, aggression and impulsivity, has been discussed broadly in relation to suicide, as endophenotypes or traits of personality, in research and in clinical practice across diagnoses. The o...

Status of this Memo This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. ABSTRACT The IDUP-GSS-API extends the GSS-API [RFC-2078] for applications requiring protection of a generic data unit (such as a file or message) in a way which is independent of the protection of any other data unit and ind...

OBJECTIVES HIV/AIDS risk is embodied within multiple levels including structural and social levels. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of neighbourhood characteristics on HIV prevalence among injection drug users (IDU) residing in the area of Tallinn, Estonia in 2007. METHODS A cross-sectional, multilevel design collecting individual-level data--a behaviour survey including data ...