A frustrated system is one whose symmetry precludes the possibility that every pairwise interaction ("bond") in the system can be satisfied at the same time. Such systems are common in all areas of physical and biological science. In the most extreme cases, they can have a disordered ground state with "macroscopic" degeneracy; that is, one that comprises a huge number of equivalent states of th...

An ensemble of model runs with the COAMPS © regional model is compared to observations in the central Arctic for August 2001 from the Arctic Ocean Experiment 2001 (AOE-2001). The results are from a 6-km horizontal resolution 2nd, inner, nest of the model while the outermost model domain covers the pan-Arctic region, including the marginal ice zone and some of the land areas around the Arctic Oc...

Abstract Loss of reflectivity in the Arctic and wider cryosphere is known to increase global temperature rise through an ice‐albedo feedback loop, which has potential lead loss summertime ice cover Ocean, accelerate warming. Despite urgency this situation, there are few options being developed preserve restore reflectivity. Localized surface albedo modification using reflective materials offers...

It is a challenging issue to quantitatively characterize how the solute and pressure affect the homogeneous ice nucleation in a supercooled solution. By measuring the glass transition behavior of solutions, a universal feature of water-content dependence of glass transition temperature is recognized, which can be used to quantify hydration water in solutions. The amount of free water can then b...

A daytime climatological spatio-temporal distribution of high opaque ice cloud (HOIC) classes over the Indian subcontinent (0–40 N, 60 E–100 E) is presented using 25-year data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRRs) for the summer monsoon months. The HOICs are important for regional radiative balance, precipitation and troposphere-stratosphere exchange. In this study, HOICs ...

High pressure and low temperature experiments with CO(2) hydrate were performed using diamond anvil cells and a helium-refrigeration cryostat in the pressure and temperature range of 0.2-3.0 GPa and 280-80 K, respectively. In situ x-ray diffractometry revealed that the phase boundary between CO(2) hydrate and water+CO(2) extended below the 280 K reported previously, toward a higher pressure and...

The effect of solvation-related interaction on the low-temperature dynamics of proteins is studied by taking into account the desolvation barriers in the interactions of native contacts. It is found out that about the folding transition temperature, the protein folds in a cooperative manner, and the water molecules are expelled from the hydrophobic core at the final stage in the folding process...

In the last few years, water ice and salts capable of melting this ice and producing liquid saline water (brine) have been detected on Mars. Moreover, indirect evidence for brine has been found in multiple areas of the planet. Here, we simulate full diurnal cycles of temperature and atmospheric water vapor content at the Phoenix landing site for the first time and show experimentally that, in s...

The density of 0.5–3 mm thick vapor-deposited films of water ice were measured by combined optical interferometry and microbalance techniques during deposition on an optically flat gold substrate from a capillary array gas source. The films were of high optical quality with an index of refraction of 1.2960.01 at 435.8 nm, a density of 0.8260.01 g/cm, and a porosity of 0.1360.01. In contrast to ...