Although bile acids are crucial for the absorption of lipophilic nutrients in the intestine, they are cytotoxic at high concentrations and can cause liver damage and promote colorectal carcinogenesis. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR), which is activated by bile acids and abundantly expressed in enterohepatic tissues, plays a crucial role in maintaining bile acids at safe concentrations. Here, we ...

Changes in cellular fatty acid composition during naphthalene degradation, at the concentrations of 0.5 g l(-1) or 1.0 g l(-1), by Pseudomonas sp. JS150 were investigated. In response to naphthalene exposure an increase in saturated/unsaturated ratio was observed. Additionally, the dynamic changes involved alterations in the contents of hydroxy, cyclopropane and branched fatty acids. Among the ...

Introduction: Both α-amino acids and α-hydroxy acids occur in aqueous extracts of the Murchison carbonaceous meteorite. The Strecker-cyanohydrin reaction, the reaction of carbonyl compounds, cyanide, and ammonia to produce amino and hydroxy acids, has been proposed as a source of such organic acids in meteorites [1]. Such syntheses are consistent with the suggestion [2] that interstellar precur...

1. trans-4-Hydroxy-r,-proline is epimerized to &+hydroxy-n-proline under the conditions generally used for the hydrolysis of proteins for analyses of amino acids. 2. The cis epimer elutes from a column of UR-30 resin on a Beckman amino acid analyzer at the same time as threonine and hence would be undetected. 3. About 8% of the trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline in collagen can be epimerized to c&4-hydr...

Cerebroside sulfate was isolated by column chromatography from infant whole brains and adult human cerebral grey and white matter. Fatty acid analyses, performed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), of normal and ahydroxy fatty acids obtained after hydrolysis revealed that cerebroside sulfate contains long-chain fatty acids ranging from 14-26 carbons both in the normal and hydroxy series. In mat...

The ability of rat liver microsomes to catalyze UDP-glucuronic acid-dependent glucuronidation of monohydroxy-bile acids was examined. The following bile acids were used as substrates, each as the 3 alpha and 3 beta epimer: 3-hydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acid (C24), 3-hydroxy-5 beta-norcholanoic acid (C23), 3-hydroxy-5 beta-bisnorcholanoic acid (C22), 3-hydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-21-oic acid (C21), and ...

INTRODUCTION 15-Lipoxygenases and their metabolites have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, but little is known regarding their expression and function in chondrocytes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of 15-lipoxygenase-1 and -2 in human articular chondrocytes, and to investigate the effects of their metabolites 13(S)-hydroxy octa...

Lipid and lipid metabolite profiling are important parameters in understanding the pathogenesis of many diseases. Alkynylated polyunsaturated fatty acids are potentially useful probes for tracking the fate of fatty acid metabolites. The nonenzymatic and enzymatic oxidations of ω-alkynyl linoleic acid and ω-alkynyl arachidonic acid were compared to that of linoleic and arachidonic acid. There wa...

Lactobacilli convert linoleic acid to hydroxy fatty acids; however, this conversion has not been demonstrated in food fermentations and it remains unknown whether hydroxy fatty acids produced by lactobacilli have antifungal activity. This study aimed to determine whether lactobacilli convert linoleic acid to metabolites with antifungal activity and to assess whether this conversion can be emplo...