Controller of hybrid excavator power system was designed with control target was to improve diesel engine fuel efficiency and decrease shaft rotate speed fluctuation. Controller input parameters were set as hydraulic pump required torque, hydraulic pump rotate speed and battery SOC. Controller output parameters were set as diesel engine output torque and motor torque. Diesel engine output torqu...

Physical modelling of hydraulic systems results in systems of differential and algebraic equations (DAEs) that are normally stiff. This is because they often include multiple temporal scales and present complex and non-linear behaviour. The simulation of these stiff DAEs in real time demand small time steps, in order to achieve algorithm stability, because explicit fixed step solvers are usuall...

The Adaptive knee joint is a microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee that incorporates both pneumatic and hydraulic control in one electronic unit. Pneumatic control is said to provide control during swing phase and the hydraulic control during the stance phase of the gait. This hybrid controller is triggered by a computer contained within the knee that responds to input from force, time and ...

A physically based inverse method is developed using hybrid formulation and coordinate transform to simultaneously estimate hydraulic conductivity tensors, steady-state flow field, and boundary conditions for a confined aquifer under ambient flow or pumping condition. Unlike existing indirect inversion techniques, the physically based method does not require forward simulations to assess model-...

Variation in xylem structure and function has been extensively studied across different species with a wide taxonomic, geographical, and ecological coverage. In contrast, our understanding of how xylem of a single species can adjust to different growing condition remains limited. Here phenotypic and developmental plasticity in xylem traits of hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa×deltoides) was st...