Using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy, we have identified multiple compact denatured states of a series of T4 lysozyme mutants that are stabilized by high pressures. Recent studies imply that the mechanism of pressure denaturation is the penetration of water into the protein rather than the transfer of hydrophobic residues into water. To investigate ...

Proteins are molecular machines with a well-defined 3D structure, and it is mainly the success of X-ray and NMR spectroscopic techniques that made the tremendous progress in structural biology happen. However, it is also clear that biomolecular processes generally involve conformational changes of proteins and enzymes. Mostly due to a lack of appropriate spectroscopic tools, much less is known ...

blood dyscrasia Dunk et al (2006) investigated 53 patients who were rechallenged with clozapine following leucopenia or neutropenia during previous therapy and found that 33 did not experience a second episode of blood dyscrasia and were able to continue drug treatment. This result is of considerable clinical relevance because it suggests that some patients with leucopenia or neutropenia may un...

Global and dynamic optimization of engineering problems usually involves complex physico-chemical models as constraints. These models are in general highly non-linear, resulting in multimodal optimization problems. The model may have discontinuous behavior and/or include a very large set of variables. As the complexity of the systems increases, equation-free modeling is becoming more common (Ke...

Throughout the last years, the Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) paradigm has been promoted as a means to create loosely coupled distributed applications. In theory, SOAs make use of a service registry, which can be used by providers to publish their services and by clients to discover these services in order to execute them. However, service registries such as UDDI did not succeed and are ra...

Recent progress on molecular theories of hydration of nonpolar solutes in aqueous solution has led to new ways of thinking about the old issue of free volume in liquids. This article surveys the principal new results with particular attention to general issues of packing in liquids.

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