introduction: tetanus is a serious infectious disease and the most common cause of neonatal mortality in developing countries. although neonatal tetanus (nt) can be prevented by immunization of expectant mothers, good hygiene and asepsis during delivery, total eradication of organism is not possible. methods: the cross-sectional study was done on 480 pregnant women after delivery. data was coll...

The major reservoir of Yersinia enterocolitica and the main source of risk posed to human health are pigs. The objective of this study was to develop a method for pigs immunization with a suspension of immunogenic strains of Y. enterocolitica and to analyze the impact of this immunization on the course of immunological processes in animals, and thus to search for possibilities of preventing or ...

background: recurrent spontaneous abortion (rsa) is defined as three or more se-quential abortions before the twentieth week of gestation. there are evidences to sup-port an allo-immunologic mechanism for rsa. one of the methods for treatment of rsa is leukocyte therapy; however there is still controversy about effectiveness of this method. objectives: to evaluate the effectiveness of leukocyte...

Persisting high global tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and mortality and poor efficacy of BCG vaccine emphasizes an urgent need for developing effective novel boost vaccination strategies following parenteral BCG priming in humans. Most of the current lead TB vaccine candidates in the global pipeline were developed for parenteral route of immunization. Compelling evidence indicates respiratory muco...

The ability of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to target specific antigens with high precision has led to an increasing demand to generate them for therapeutic use in many disease areas. Historically, the discovery of therapeutic mAbs has relied upon the immunization of mammals and various in vitro display technologies. While the routine immunization of rodents yields clones that are stable in ser...

Despite their vital role, routine immunization programs are taken for granted. Coverage levels are poor in some countries and have stagnated in others, while addition of new vaccines is an additional stressor. We need to strengthen: (1) policy processes, (2) monitoring and evaluation, (3) human resources, (4) regular delivery and supply systems, (5) local political commitment and ownership, (6)...