the gross and microscopic anatomy of the molar salivary gland of the domestic cat was studied. in this research, five pair of molar glandsfrom five male adult cats were used. in cat, the molar gland was elongated rectangle shape and was located obliquely in the submucosal fossa of the inferior lip, near the oral commissure. the dorsal border of the molar gland was attached to the masseter muscl...

Mosaic evolution is a key mechanism that promotes robustness and evolvability in living beings. For the human head, to have a modular organization would imply that each phenotypic module could grow and function semi-independently. Delimiting the boundaries of head modules, and even assessing their existence, is essential to understand human evolution. Here we provide the first study of the huma...

BACKGROUND Aesthetic surgery deals in large part with the manipulation of soft-tissue structures that are not amenable to visualization by standard technologies. As a result, accurate three-dimensional depictions of relevant surgical anatomy have yet to be developed. This study presents a method for the creation of detailed virtual reality models of anatomy relevant to aesthetic surgery. METH...

Background: The high anatomical complexity of maxillofacial defects caused by tumor can pose a formidable challenge for clinicians when designing an appropriate plan surgical reconstruction. intention this work was to restore the complex anatomy with maximum possible facial functionality and aesthetics patient. Based on medical images generated Computed Tomography (CT) scan optimal therapeutic ...

The goal of the study was to analyse statistically the survey of measurable parameters distinguishing human facial skeleton as well to construct mathematical model describing foetal facial skeleton selected features. The material consisted of 112 foetuses (44 females – 39.29% and 76 males – 60.71%) in the CRL: 83-245 mm, aged 4-7 months of foetal life. The whole of the examined material origina...

HYPOTHESIS To test whether there are significant differences in pediatric and adult temporal bone anatomy as related to cochlear implant (CI) surgery. BACKGROUND Surgeons rely upon anatomic landmarks including the round window (RW) and facial recess (FR) to place CI electrodes within the scala tympani. Anecdotally, clinicians report differences in orientation of such structures in children ve...

OBJECTIVE Percutaneous cochlear implant (PCI) surgery consists of drilling a single trough from the lateral cranium to the cochlea avoiding vital anatomy. To accomplish PCI, we use a patient-customized microstereotactic frame, which we call a "microtable" because it consists of a small tabletop sitting on legs. The orientation of the legs controls the alignment of the tabletop such that it is p...

The use of neuromodulators has increased by approximately 748 percent from 2000 to 2014 and has become an integral adjunct for facial rejuvenation. Knowledge of facial anatomy, accurate facial analysis, and familiarity with neurotoxin characteristics will minimize complications and optimize results. Current U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved neurotoxins in the United States include onab...

We propose a layered facial simulation model for skin aging with wrinkles, which includes muscle, connective tissue and skin layer. Our aim is to simulate relevant facial animation and aging with the guidance of general facial tissue anatomy, so that the model can be extended to medical and cosmetic applications. B-spline muscle patches are automatically adapted to each individual face by mappi...