In this paper, we provide an abstract characterization of the inverse hulls semigroups associated with Markov shifts. As application give example shifts that are not conjugate, but have isomorphic hulls.

We discuss a new type of weak factorization system. Although these systems provide (up to isomorphism) uniquely determined decompositions of morphisms, in general they do not constitute orthogonal factorizations and are not even functorial. Nevertheless, they arise naturally, as injective hulls or projective covers in comma categories. Surprisingly, often injective hulls and projective covers c...

The genetic mechanism involved in a transition from the black-colored seed hull of the ancestral wild rice (Oryza rufipogon and Oryza nivara) to the straw-white seed hull of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) during grain ripening remains unknown. We report that the black hull of O. rufipogon was controlled by the Black hull4 (Bh4) gene, which was fine-mapped to an 8.8-kb region on rice chromosome ...

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding co-products with Optigen ® II on animal performance and blood metabolites in growing beef calves. Angus steers were allowed ad libitum access to bahiagrass hay and were supplemented for 42 d via Calan gates. Treatments included 1) dried distillers grains; 2) dried distillers grains + Optigen; 3) soybean hulls; 4) soybean hulls + Opt...

Known properties of ‘‘canonical connections’’ from database theory and of ‘‘closed sets’’ from statistics implicitly define a hypergraph convexity, here called canonical convexity (cconvexity), and provide an efficient algorithm to compute c-convex hulls. We characterize the class of hypergraphs in which c-convexity enjoys the Minkowski–Krein–Milman property. Moreover, we compare c-convexity wi...

Effects of the use of 200 g of either wheat bran, sugar beet pulp, soya bean hulls or alfalfa meal per kilogram diet on the digestive process of the weaned piglet were studied on 24 Duroc Landrace male piglets, weaned at 28 days of age. Piglets had an initial mean live weight of 7.92( 1.1) kg and were randomly distributed in six successive blocks of four animals. The total tract apparent digest...

We consider definably compact groups in an o-minimal expansion of a real closed field. It is known that to each such group G is associated a natural exact sequence 1→ G00 → G → G/G00 → 1 where G00 is the “infinitesimal subgroup” of G and G/G00 is a compact real Lie group. We show that given a connected open subset U of G/G00 there is a canonical isomorphism between the fundamental group of U an...

We revisit the S-procedure for general functions with “geometrical glasses”. thus delineate a necessary condition, and almost sufficient to have valid. Everything is expressed in terms of convexity augmented sets (i.e., via convex hulls, conical hulls) images built from data functions.