Background and purpose: Irrational beliefs are among the factors affecting the tendency to use tobacco. Today, there is a growing trend of waterpipe (hookah) smoking among the youth in Iran. This study aimed at comparing irrational beliefs among young adult hookah smokers and young athletes. Materials and methods: This descriptive study was conducted in 600 individuals who were selected usin...

  Background: Smoking hookah is recognized as a growing health problem in Iran and many countries in the world and its harmful outcomes on human health have attracted attention of medical community. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting on hookah smoking in male students who are living in dormitories of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2011.   Methods : This study was a de...

Introduction: Tobacco use is considered as an important general health problem and it is known as one of the preventable causes of morbidity and mortality. The goal of this survey was to determine the cigarette and hookah using model in over-15 population residing in Bandar Abbas. Methods: In this population-based study, a total number of 1810 over-15 residents of Bandar Abbas were selected us...

Aims: Planning to reduce the production and supply of hookah and tobacco can be a positive step to reducing the hookah and tobacco consumption in the community. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of educational programs on decreasing intention of hookah and tobacco supply among the handlers of public places and food centers in Arak city, Iran based on the theory of ...