1 Abbreviations used: HLM, human liver microsomes; HO-1-PP, 5-hydroxy-1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine; LC/MS, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry; NADPH, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate sodium (reduced form); 1-PP, 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine ABSTRACT 1-(2-Pyrimidinyl)-piperazine (1-PP) is an active metabolite of several psychoactive drugs including buspirone. 1-PP is also the m...

Amlodipine is a commonly prescribed calcium channel blocker for the treatment of hypertension and ischemic heart disease. The drug is slowly cleared in humans primarily via dehydrogenation of its dihydropyridine moiety to a pyridine derivative (M9). Results from clinical drug-drug interaction studies suggest that CYP3A4/5 mediate metabolism of amlodipine. However, attempts to identify a role of...

Amlodipine is a commonly prescribed calcium channel blocker for the treatment of hypertension and ischemic heart disease. The drug is slowly cleared in humans primarily via dehydrogenation of its dihydropyridine moiety to a pyridine derivative (M9). Results from clinical drug-drug interaction studies suggest that CYP3A4/5 mediate metabolism of amlodipine. However, attempts to identify a role of...

Magnolol is a food additive that is often found in mints and gums. Human exposure to this compound can reach a high dose; thus, characterization of magnolol disposition in humans is very important. Previous studies indicated that magnolol can undergo extensive glucuronidation in humans in vivo. In this study, in vitro assays were used to characterize the glucuronidation pathway in human liver a...

The occurrence of structurally related synthetic cannabinoids makes the identification of unique markers of drug intake particularly challenging. The aim of this study was to identify unique and abundant metabolites of AKB-48 and 5F-AKB-48 for toxicological screening in urine. Investigations of authentic urine samples from forensic cases in combination with human liver microsome (HLM) experimen...

Morphine is an important drug used to alleviate moderate to severe pain. This opiate is mainly metabolized by glucuronidation to a non-analgesic metabolite, morphine-3-glucuronide (M-3-G) and an active metabolite morphine-6-glucuronide (M-6-G). To understand the modulation of morphine glucuronidation activity by environmental factors, the effect of endogenous and food-derived compounds on morph...

Central exams which are reflection of structure education systems determine many schooling processes. Especially, scores coming from these indicators for student performance. Transition to upper-secondary school lower-secondary is based on “System Upper-Secondary Schools” (LGS). The current study aimed examine the relationship between System High Schools (LGS) and student, classroom, level vari...

This research aims to determine the effects of student qualifications and some in-classroom variables related school teaching process on TIMSS science achievement 4th-grade students in Turkey. It was also aimed that contributed most explaining differences between schools at classroom levels this study, which conducted with a causal comparison pattern. The sample study consists 6378 teachers the...

In our age of big data and growing computational power, versatility in analysis is important. This study presents a flexible way to combine statistics machine learning for large-scale educational survey. The authors used statistical methods explore German students’ attitudes towards information communication technology (ICT) relation mathematical scientific literacy measured by the Programme In...

Daphnetin has been developed as an oral medicine for treatment of coagulation disorders and rheumatoid arthritis in China, but its in vitro metabolism remains unknown. In the present study, the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) conjugation pathways of daphnetin were characterized. Two metabolites, 7-O-monoglucuronide daphnetin (M-1) and 8-O-monoglucuronide daphnetin (M-2), were identified by li...