Annelida is a ubiquitous, common and diverse group of organisms, found in terrestrial, fresh waters marine environments. Despite the large efforts put into resolving evolutionary relationships these other Lophotrochozoa, delineation basal nodes within group, are still unanswered. holds an enormous diversity forms biological strategies alongside number species, following Arthropoda, Mollusca, Ve...

Distance education has long been an integral component of the system Russian Federation and former Soviet Union. A great many students teachers in country have benefiting from merits distance education. The statistics announced by state officials indicate strong evidence for presence mainstream remote learning. However, there is little information with regard to western literature. This necessi...

In this overview, we briefly outline recent advances in electron cryomicroscopy (cryoEM) and explain why the journal IUCrJ, published by the International Union of Crystallography, could provide a natural home for publications covering many present and future developments in the cryoEM field.

The existence of incretins was postulated in the early 20th century when Murce administered duodenal extract in patients with diabetes and demonstrated reduction in glucosuria. However, the identity of the putative incretin factor(s) remained elusive until the purification and characterisation of the first incretin, GIP, was discovered in 1973. GIP is a peptide of 42 amino acids, produced predo...

Historically most topical drug classes seem to have been originally developed following the pragmatic principle that, “if an existing drug with an interesting pharmacology is effective orally/systemically, and the target is in the skin, it could well work topically without giving side effects and, therefore, would deserve to be tried topically”. The next paragraphs review the development of the...

The aim of this paper is to provide a critical survey of patent systems during the first phase of the industrialization process with a special focus on the British case. Perhaps surprisingly, no consensus has been reached yet as to whether the emergence of modern patent systems exerted a favourable impact on inventive activities in this historical phase. However, the recent literature has shed ...

Low back pain and sciatica have been considered as the common morbidities of human kind throughout the history. The explanation of the etiology has been changed during the centuries and still remains a dilemma. Reviewing ancient theories may lead to novel findings about the etiology and its better treatments. First writings about sciatica: among available iranian traditional medicine (ITM) book...

A s we all know, the RF spectrum is a finite and exceedingly valuable resource. The practical limits of the existing spectrum, together with the exponential need for new communications, has created an increasing demand for what little free or under-utilized space remains. In general, the policy for traditional commercial services has been to place limits on RF power and bandwidth to minimize in...

Anya Plutynski Department of Philosophy University of Utah [email protected] Abstract There are several different ways in which chance affects evolutionary change. That all of these processes are called “random genetic drift” is in part due to common elements across these different processes, but is also a product of historical borrowing of models and language across different level...