Sequencing of RNA (RNA-Seq) was invented approximately 1 decade ago and has since revolutionized biological research. This update provides a brief historic perspective on the development of RNA-Seq and then focuses on the application of RNA-Seq in qualitative and quantitative analyses of transcriptomes. Particular emphasis is given to aspects of data analysis. Since the wet-lab and data analysi...

One of the most important aspects struggle warriors and in epic works is arrogance that called by comrades before start hand-to-hand battle. It accompanied pride ancestry, race, ridicule. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh full unique has given its poet a special place with various skills, so these styles have been welcomed imitated poets after Ferdowsi. In meantime, Bahmannameh written Iranshah Ibn Abi Al-K...

A broader perspective on the role of cities and their relation to their inhabitants and the planet is essential to effectively answer urgent sustainability questions that emerge in and beyond cities. This essay provides a critical reflection on the notion of the sustainable city. The central question discussed is: how can the ideal of a sustainable city be best conceptualised? Through exploring...

These informal lecture notes describe the progress in semiconductor spintronics in a historic perspective as well as in a comparison to achievements of spintronics of ferromagnetic metals. After outlining motivations behind spintronic research, selected results of investigations on three groups of materials are presented. These include non-magnetic semiconductors, hybrid structures involving se...

Wheat is the main crop and often a strategic crop in many European countries. From a historical perspective, we describe the transfer of "reduced height genes" (Rht genes) from Japanese wheat varieties to wheat varieties in Europe and their influence on the increase of the total wheat production in the last century. Historic pathways of Rht genes were influenced directly or indirectly by wheat ...

A historic perspective of family medicine's development, the work of Gayle Stephens, and prior Keystone conferences constitute an important backdrop for the fourth Keystone Conference. Decisions made in the past constrain what can be done now, but they may also offer opportunities for family medicine. A major challenge for Keystone IV was to discern what is a constraint and what is an opportuni...

A prototypical example of the operational dimensions of visual information communication is the use of schematic maps for visual navigation. The implementation of maps on location-sensitive or handheld devices has changed the preliminaries of common mapping techniques. By an analysis of selected examples, both historic and current, we want to open up the space for innovative map design options....

The diagnosis of lung cancer was significantly enhanced by the development of the fiberoptic bronchoscope in 1965. Since then, advances in photosensitizers and light sources have brought photodynamic medicine into the light. This article offers an historic overview of the emergence of photodynamic medicine through the perspective of a pioneer with more than 30 years' experience. Along with a di...

This comment reflects on the recent row over Woodrow Wilson's legacy, which has focussed on his undeniable racism. This was in pursuit of a 'Progressive' agenda which paved the way for the United States to become the geopolitical force that it continues to be today. Without necessarily approving of Wilson's particular judgements, I argue that he operated with a 'world-historic' sense of moralit...

3 LIST OF PAPERS 4 ABBREVIATIONS 5 BACKGROUND 6 Diabetes and its complications 6 Diabetic nephropathy – a historic perspective 7 Pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy 7 Clinical development and presentation 11 Metabolic consequences 14 Hormones and cytokines 16 Clinical management 19 Summary 24 RESEARCH QUESTION AND SPECIFIC AIMS 25 METHODS 26 Study cohorts 26 Renal function 27 Blood chemistry 2...