Fluorescent probes are essential for the exploration of protein function, detection of molecular interactions, and conformational changes. The nitrilotriacetic acid derivatives of different chromophores were successfully used for site-selective noncovalent fluorescence labeling of histidine-tagged proteins. All of them, however, suffer from the same drawback--loss of the fluorescence upon bindi...

Affinity tags have become powerful tools from basic biological research to structural and functional proteomics. They were widely used to facilitate the purification and detection of proteins of interest, as well as the separation of protein complexes. Here, we mainly discuss the benefits and drawbacks of several affinity or epitope tags frequently used, including hexahistidine tag, FLAG tag, S...

khāleq mirzāzādeh is a great ctitic and researcher in tajikistan. he was familiar with sa‘di’s works, especially golestān and boustān , from his teen years; and he created estimable researches about sa‘di through studying of and searching in his works. it should be mentioned that there are worthwhile researches done in tajikistan in relation to sa‘di’s eventful life and his literary heritage. t...

religious themes are dominant in the works of georges bernanos , the catholic writer . good and evil and the human condition have always been the main concerns of religious writers. these writers try to dramatize the confrontation of man with temptations. recurring topics in the writings of bernanos are ; a desire for innocence , seeking truth , fighting evil , divine grace , and the role of fa...

Mussel adhesive proteins have been suggested as a basis for environmentally friendly adhesives for use in aqueous conditions and in medicine. However, attempts to produce functional and economical recombinant mussel adhesive proteins (mainly foot protein type 1) in several systems have failed. Here, the cDNA coding for Mytilus galloprovincialis foot protein type 5 (Mgfp-5) was isolated for the ...

Natural proteins are often confined within their local microenvironments, such as three-dimensional confinement in organelles or two-dimensional confinement in lipid rafts on cytoplasmic membrane. Spatial confinement restricts proteins' entropic freedom, forces their lateral interaction, and induces new properties that the same proteins lack at the soluble state. So far, the phenomenon of envir...