During infection of mammalian hosts, facultative intracellular pathogens have to adjust rapidly to different environmental conditions encountered during passage through the gastrointestinal tract and following uptake into epithelial cells and macrophages. Successful establishment within the host therefore requires the coordinated expression of a large number of virulence genes necessary for the...

conclusions results of this study could be used to find suitable targets for inverse metabolic engineering and site-directed mutagenesis to achieve stable and high-level extracellular lipase production in y. lipolytica and other yeasts. results two nucleotide substitutions were found in the extracellular lipase lip2 orfs of y. lipolytica u6 mutant strain compared to the wild-type strain. in thi...

Limited knowledge is available about the virulence mechanisms responsible for diarrheal disease caused by Salmonella typhimurium. To assess the contribution to diarrheal disease of virulence determinants identified in models of infection, we tested a collection of S. typhimurium mutants for their ability to cause enteritis in calves. S. typhimurium strains carrying mutations in the virulence pl...

reproductive parameters and ovipositional preference of plutella xylostella were assessed on some mutant genotypes of canola (rgs 8-1, rgs 10-2, rgs 8-13, zar 9-9 and talaye 8-3) and their cultivars (rgs, zar, talaye) under greenhouse condition (21 ± 6 °c, 65 ± 10 rh and a photoperiod of 16l: 8d h). comparison of the reproductive parameters on rgs and its mutant genotypes revealed that mutant g...

background: cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) has been extensively considered as an immunogenic and adjuvant protein, but its yield of expression is not satisfactory in many studies. the aim of this study was to compare the expression of native and mutant recombinant ctb (rctb) in pqe vector. methods: ctxb fragment from vibrio cholerae o1 atcc14035 containing the substitution of mutant ctxb for ami...