LEARNING OBJECTIVES After completion of this chapter individuals should be able to: 1 Define hepatitis and its symptomatology. 2 Distinguish between the various viruses associated with hepatitis. 3 Describe the general features of hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, and hepatitis E, including the etiology, transmission, diagnosis, sequelae, and prophylaxis. 4 List and discuss th...

The clinical importance of vitamin D has been recently highlighted, due to non-skeletal effects of vitamin D and the fact that vitamin D receptors are observed in many kinds of cells. Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency results in the development of gastrointestinal diseases, including obesity, hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis C, and inflammatory bowel disease in children. The prevalence of vit...

The receptor that allows hepatitis B and hepatitis D viruses to enter human liver cells has been identified as a protein that transports bile acids in the liver.

D-Galactosamine is one among the most experimentally used drug to study hepatotoxic effects in experimental animals. The model system of liver damage produced by D-galactosamine rats recognized be much like viral hepatitis humans from both morphological and functional points view. It also causes oxidative stress rats. Ajaswagandhadhi Lehyam has ingredients that reduce stress. This deals antioxi...

Objective(s) The aim of this study was to characterize the hepatitis B virus surface protein genotypes and sequence variations among hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) positive chronic patients in Hormozgan province, south of Iran. Materials and Methods A total of 8 patients enrolled in this study. The surface gene was amplified and directly sequenced. Genotypes and nucleotide/amino a...

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with several adverse health outcomes, and vitamin D appears to have systemic antimicrobial effects that may be crucial in a variety of both acute and chronic illnesses. In the present study, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels were compared among patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection, naturally immunized individuals and control individuals. Thirty-...

Background: Genomic studies of hepatitis B virus (HBV) diversity are becoming increasingly significant to understand how HBV mutations interact with a wide spectrum clinical and pathological disorders. Objective: This study focused on identifying genotypes determining the status pre-core (PC) core promoter (CP) mutants. Methods: Nested polymerase chain reaction was used identify viral 100 patie...

Here, we report the first complete genome sequence of a hepatitis D virus genotype 1 strain, GZ37, isolated in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China, in 2014. The sequence information provided here will help us understand the molecular epidemiology of hepatitis D virus and contribute to disease control in mainland China.

evidence for more than one etiologic agent has been recognized only since the 1940s, when 2 viruses [hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV)] were thought to account for all disease. In the past 20 years, 3 additional hepatitis agents [hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV)] have been discovered, and there is evidence for at least one additiona...