Open-water swimming is a rapidly growing sport discipline worldwide, and clinical problems associated with long-distance swimming are now better recognized and managed more effectively. The most prevalent medical risk associated with an open-water swimming event is hypothermia; therefore, the Federation Internationale De Natation (FINA) has instituted 2 rules to reduce this occurrence related t...

In spite of considerable progress in prevention, heat illness remains a significant occupational risk in the Services. A retrospective analysis of cases reported through the Defence Analytical Services Agency for the years 1981-91 shows higher numbers in the second part of this period, though this may be due to reporting differences. Overall, there was an average of 135 servicemen and women adm...

The two common forms of heat illness in the Services are heatstroke and heat exhaustion. Biochemical predisposing factors are considered for each. Susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia should be tested for in cases of heat stroke. The heterozygote status for cystic fibrosis should be established in cases of heat exhaustion.

Athletes with spinal cord injury (SCI), and in particular tetraplegia, have an increased risk of heat strain and consequently heat illness relative to able-bodied individuals. Strategies that reduce the heat strain during exercise in a hot environment may reduce the risk of heat illness. To test the hypotheses that precooling or cooling during intermittent sprint exercise in a heated environmen...

The key to maximize the chances of surviving exertional heatstroke is rapidly decreasing the elevated core body temperature. Many methods exist to cool the body, but current evidence strongly supports the use of cold water. Preferably, the athlete should be immersed in cold water. If lack of equipment or staff prevents immersion, a continual dousing with cold water provides an effective cooling...

Plate heat exchangers (PHEs) were introduced in the 1930s and were almost exclusively used as liquid/liquid heat exchangers in the food industries because of their ease of cleaning. Over the years, the development of the PHE has generally continued towards larger capacity, as well as higher working temperature and pressure. Recently, a gasket sealing was replaced by a brazed material, and each ...

We report the unusually rapid and spontaneous normalisation of low diffusivity that accompanied resolution of acute neurological deficits in a stroke patient who underwent two magnetic resonance imaging examinations within 24 h of symptom onset. Diffusion weighted imaging obtained within hours of onset of left sided weakness demonstrated a focal right capsular area of low diffusivity that resol...

Heat shock protein (HSP) 72 in serum was decreased to a greater degree in patients with serious heat stroke than in those with mild heat stroke. Thus, increased levels of HSP72 appeared to correlate with a better outcome for the patient. Nevertheless, the function of HSP72 in the heat-induced hypothalamic cell death has not been assessed. In this study, we found that increasing HSP72 levels wit...

Objective. The case of a patient who developed a fatal post-exertional heat stroke is reported. Case Report. A 20-year-old man with a history of morbid obesity, hypertension, and schizophrenia was admitted to our intensive care unit because of multiorgan failure due to severe heat stroke. He had been working under the sun. Treatment included aggressive body cooling but, in spite of the best sup...

Legends were used to combine Cavepainting strokes with the data being visualized. CavePainting strokes added to the legend indicate how the final visualization element changes in response to a particular data type. The lower portion of the legend shows miniature versions of the final visualization element. There is one legend per data attribute visualized. Shown below are the pressure legends f...