There are various engineering systems which are subjected to shocks of random magnitudes at random times. The shock models can be classified in different ways. According to the cumulative shock model, the system breaks down because of a cumulative effect of shocks, while in an extreme shock model the system fails because of one single shock with large magnitude. See, for example, 1–9 for variou...

Using the definitions of δand δ′-shocks for the systems of conservation laws [12], [13], [39], the Rankine–Hugoniot conditions for δand δ′-shocks are derived. We present a construction of solutions to the Cauchy problems admitting δand δ′-shocks. In particular, the Riemann problem admitting shocks, δ-shocks, δ′-shocks, and vacuum states is considered. The geometric aspects of δand δ′-shocks are...

BACKGROUND Between 2011 and 2013, the Lebanese population increased by 30% due to the influx of Syrian refugees. While a sudden increase of such magnitude represents a shock to the health system, threatening the continuity of service delivery and destabilizing governance, it also offers a unique opportunity to study resilience of a health system amidst ongoing crisis. METHODS We conceptualize...

November 20, 2013 Dear Colleagues: During the upcoming workshop, I will present results from two ongoing projects that explore the relationship between health shocks and financial stress. The first looks at shocks arising from sudden trauma (car crashes) and is described in the attached paper, a version of which I presented at Columbia’s faculty workshop in 2012. The second project studies sh...

national health information network (nhin) is a network in which all health care organizations, government agencies and other health-related organizations are connected to each other to exchange information about health. due to the necessity of a framework for nhin development, in this paper, according to the literature review, a definition for nhin framework was provided, and then the nhin rel...