Health care delivery systems are inherently complex, consisting of multiple tiers of interdependent subsystems and processes that are adaptive to changes in the environment and behave in a nonlinear fashion. Traditional health technology assessment and modeling methods often neglect the wider health system impacts that can be critical for achieving desired health system goals and are often of l...

vaccination has greatly improved human health. despite of all improvements in this field, there is not an efficient vaccine for many diseases, and of the available ones, some could not produce a long-term immunity. recently, there have been many researches on the applicability of nanostructures as an efficient system for vaccine delivery, and the initial results have been promising. their poten...

the field of vaccinology provides excellent promises to control different infectious and non-infectious diseases. genetic immunization as a new tool in this area by using naked dna has been shown to induce humoral as well as cellular immune responses with high efficiency. this demonstrates the enormous potential of this strategy for vaccination purposes. dna vaccines have been widely used to de...

Background Family Planning (FP) program in Pakistan has been struggling to achieve the desired indicators. Despite a well-timed initiation of the program in late 50s, fertility decline has been sparingly slow. As a result, rapid population growth is impeding economic development in the country. A high population growth rate, the current fertility rate, a stagnant contraceptive prevalence rate a...

Measuring performance is critical to assess effectiveness of public health expenditure. Performance of health care delivery however relies on adequate accountability indicators as benchmark for efficiency. Individual programs sometimes track specific output but do not examine overall health care delivery system. This is difficult to measure but is critical if health care systems are to achieve ...

the health sector, a foremost service sector in nigeria, faces a number of challenges; primarily, the persistent under-funding of the health sector by the nigerian government as evidence reveals low allocations to the health sector and poor health system performance which are reflected in key health indices of the country.notwithstanding, there is evidence that the private sector could be a key...

In 2010, the United States adopted its first-ever comprehensive set of health system reforms in the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Implementation of the law, though politically contentious and controversial, has now reached a stage where reversal of most elements of the law is no longer feasible. The controversial portions of the law that expand affordable health insurance coverage to most U.S. cit...

Background and Objectives: The Increase of unnecessary caesarean sections has become one of the serious concerns in some health systems. One of the seven packages of the health Reform Plan that was sent to all Iranian medical universities in 2014 was the "Promoting Natural Delivery (vaginal births)," It emphasized the need to reduce cesarean delivery and promot...