The fact that concepts are grammaticalized differently in different languages is a major problem for translation, especially for machine translation. Two major examples of this are syntactic number, and the use of (in)definite articles (a, some, the). In languages such as English, nouns are marked for number and the choice of article (or of no article) must be made for every noun phrase. In con...

Noun phrases consisting of a sequence of nouns (sometimes referred to as nominal compounds) pose considerable difficulty for language analyzers but are common in many technical domains. The problems are compounded when some of the nouns in the sequence are ambiguously also verbs. The phrasal approach to language analysis, as implemented in PHRAN (PHRasal ANalyzer), has been extended to handle t...

notes – golston style deciding between multiple syn outputs. not categorical still. do surfacing that that’s display other properties militating for thatinclusion? (ie material between head noun and clause) probabilistic constraints email flo for correls, also avoiding ambig ref other id lex seqs. like to too vs to also – lex subst? nb often surface phon not id due to v reduction, wanna contrac...

Abstract Noun incorporation is commonly thought to avoid the weak compositionality of compounds because it involves conjunction an argument noun with incorporating verb. However, weakly compositional in two ways. First, noun’s entity needs be bound or saturated, but previous accounts fail adequately ensure that is. Second, non-arguments are often incorporated many languages, and their thematic ...

There are two levels of rhythmic structure which are assumed to play a role in language acquisition: the basic rhythmic level and the first phrasal level. While the former is supposed to guide infants in language discrimination (Mehler and Nespor 2004), the latter signals the order of words within phrases. In particular, in Nespor et al. (1996), the hypothesis that relative prominence, that is ...

The significance of error analysis for the learner, the teacher and the researcher is now widely recognized. Earlier studies of error analysis concentrated on intersystematic comparison of the “native language” and the “target language” and drew the required data largely from intuitions and impressionistic observations. This study was conducted on the basis of the following observations: (1) to...

This research under the title of (Adjective Phrase in Kurdish) An attempt to identify use adjective phrases Kurdish, According ( X-Bar) theory and some other branches that are parallel this theory, branch syntactic structures constructed by lexical elements information stored mental lexicon, Reliance semantic knowledge, However, we have relied more on for appreciation analysis phrases, We resor...

A prominent principle in explaining a range of word-order regularities is dependency locality, which minimizes the linear distances (dependency lengths) between head and its dependents. However, it remains unclear to what extent language users fact observe locality when producing sentences under diverse conditions cross-categorical harmony (such as placement verbal nominal heads on same vs. dif...