Elected governments and states have delegated extensive powers to non-majoritarian institutions (NMIs) such as independent central banks regulatory agencies, courts, international trade investment organizations, which become actors in governance. But, far from having resolved the balance between political control governing competence or removed certain issues debate, NMIs faced challenges their...

I t is commonly thought that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the use of all pharmaceutical drugs in the United States. In fact, most hospital patients are given drugs that are not FDA-approved for the prescribed use. The FDA does require that drugs undergo extensive testing before they are released onto the market and, if it concludes that a new drug is unsafe or not effec...

Aristotle's theory of causation has multiple threads, and his texts invite multiple interpretations. The variation in interpretation is, in part, a result of different perspectives and questions that are brought to the text. For instance, Aristotle's theory of the four causes has invited scrutiny from contemporary philosophers of science, who are interested in theories of explanation (van Fraas...

This paper elaborates on the government's powers - both at the domestic level and over foreign countries. The domestic power is the power against domestic lobbies, and the foreign one is the government's international power. To do so, this paper tries to evaluate the effects of these powers   on the formation of free trade agreements (FTAs). The theoretical framework follows an oligopolistic-po...

n The Federalist, James Madison wrote that in fashioning the federal relationship "the convention must have been compelled to sacrifice theoretical propriety to the force of extraneous circumstances." These sacrifices which produced a "compound republic, partaking both of the national and federal character" were "rendered indispensable" by what Madison termed "the peculiarity of our political s...